Chrysargjhmn (xpvfrapyvpov), a tax on trade and commerce under the later Roman emperors, so called because paid in gold and silver; and also Crihr- twn hiatrale^ because paid once in every five years {bu- tnm). Even the poorest tradesmen were not exempt from it ; and it was called an intolerable tax (^<Spftc (i^opiTToCt Libanius, OtcU, 14, cont Florent.). Yet Constantius freed the lower clei^, who gained their bread by trade or lab<»', from this tax ; and later em- perors confirmed the exemption. — Bingham, Orig, Et- des, bk. V, ch. iii, § 6.
Cluys^olite (xpvtrSktOoCy golden stone), the pre- cious stone which garnished the seventh foundatiDB of the New Jerusalem in John's vision (Rev. xxi, SO); according to Schleusner, a gem of golden hue, or, rather, of yellow streaked with green and white (see Plin. xxxvii, 9, 42; Isidor. Origg. xvi, 14). It was called by some chrgsoph^lkm (j(pva6^v\Kov, Epqihan. De gemims, x). It was a name applied by the andents to sX\ gems of a golden or yellow color, but it probablv designated particularly the tcpm of the modems (see, however, Bellermann, Urim et T^tomndn, p. 62). In the Sept. the word is employed for t&*iV^ri, tarskid\ the' "beryl" of our version (Exod. xxviii, 20; Eick X, 9). See Bebtl ; Topaz.
What is usually termed chrysolite is a crystsDme precious stone of the quartz kind, of a glossy fracture. In chemical composition it is a ferriferous siHcate of magnesia. The prevailing color is yellowish -green, and pistachio-green of every variety and degree d
CHRYSOLOGXJS
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CHRTSOSTOM
iliade, but always with a yellow and gold lustre. There are two particular species of chrysolite : one, ctHed the Oriental chrysolite, of a pistachio-green, transparent, and, when held np to the light in certain positions, often with a cherry-red shade ; the other is the g^nmolona chrysolite, of different shades of yellow- bb-green color, half transparent and nearly pellacid (see the Pnuiy CfjfcU^padiOy s. v.). See Gem.
Clir3rsol6ga8, Pktrus, archbishop of Ravenna, was bom at Imola about 400, and was consecrated archbishop about 438. He was noted for strictness of discipline, and especially for eloquence, ftrom which his surname was deriyed. Eutycbes sought to gain the eloquence and reputation of Chrysologus for his party, but the latter not only repelled him, but strenuously opposed his doctrine. He died at Imola, according to one account, Dec. 2, 460 ; according to another, in 458. A number of Sertnom (176) are preserred, of which the first edition, by Vincentius, appeared in 1584; an- other at Venice, 1750, fol. One of the best editions is iSerMoaes, tdiitio omnium cerU easUffotisHma (Aug. Fmd. 1758, fbl.). These and the few letters of his that remain are collected in a complete edition in Migne^s Patrdogia (1846, imp. 8vo).— Migne, Diet, de Biogrc^ jAte,iii,425.
Ghxyaopra'stiB 0^v^5irpa9oc« mentioned in Rev. xzi, 20, as the tenth row of stones in the foundation of the heavenly Jerusalem), a precious stone of green- ish-golden color, or i^>ple-green, passing into a grass- green (Pliny, Hiit, Nat, xxvii, 20, 21); an Indian translucent gem, so called as resembling in color the ' jtdce of the leek (^rpacrov), with golden spots (xp<'<^<$c) —a species of beryl, supposed to be possessed of heal- ing power in diseases of the eyes. Its spotted character may be inferred fh)m the name given to it by Pliny (Hitt, Nat. xxxvii, c. 8), pardaiioty or, rather, panthe- rioii, firom its resembling the leopard-skin (see Braun. de Fsff. Sac, Heb, ii, c. 9, p. 509). The chrysoprase of the andents b by some supposed to be identical with the stone now so called, viz. the apple or leek- green variety of agate, or uncrystallized quartz {Lon- don EncydopcBduL, s. v.), which owes its color to oxide of nickd ; this stone at present is found only in Sile- sia; but Mr. King {Antique Gemt, p. 59. note) says that the true chrysoprase is sometimes found in antique Egyptian jewelry set alternately with bits of bipis- Isznli. See Gem.
In Gen. ii, 12, the Sept renders the word &no, Ao'kam, by chrysoprase (Xt^oc i wpdatvoc), but they were probably different gems. See Bebtl.
CbryBOStom, St., bom 847 at Antioch, died in exile 407. His proper name was JoHir, but since the seventh century he is better known as Chbtsostok (XftwrooTOfWi'), the golden-mouthed pulpit orator of Uie Greek Church. Like Gregory of Nazianzen, and Augustine, he had a most excellent Christian mother, Anthusa, who, by her exemplary virtue and piety, commanded even the admiration of the heathen. It was with refiarence to herthat Libanius, the most dis- tinguished riietorician and literary representative of heathwiigm at the close of the fourth century, felt constrained to exclafan, **Ah, gods of Greece! what wonderful women there are among the Christians!'* Anthusa was married to a prominent military officer St Antioch, but became a widow in her twentieth year, snd continued in that state, devoting herself exclu- rirely to religion and the education of her children. She planted the seeds of early piety in the soul of Chiysostom, although, like Gregory Nazianzen, Au- Kostine, and other sons of Christian mothers, he was not baptized till mature age. She gave him, at the lame time, the benefit of t^e best intellectual culture of the age in the school of Libanius, who esteemed him his best scholar, and desired him to become his suc- cessor as professor of riietoric or forensic eloquence. Chrjsostom entered the career of a rhetorician, but