John Chrysostom is the greatest commentator and preacher of the Greek Church, which reveres him above all fathers. He left a spotless name behind him. As a divine, he was eminently sound, moderate, and practical ; less profound and original than Athana- sius or Augustine, but superior to both as an exegete and sermon izer. He is the best representative of the Antiochian school as distinct fh)m that of Alexandria. He a^voided the errors into which his friend Theodore of Mopsuestia, and his successor, the unhappv Nestori- us, of the same school, fell soon afterwards. Neander compares him to Spener, the practical reformer of the Lutheran Church in the 17th century. VfUemain claims for him "the union of all the oratorical attri- butes, the natural, the pathetic, and the grand, which have made St John Chrysostom the greatest orator of the primitive Church, and the most distinguished in- terpreter of that remarkable epoch." Carl Hase says of him that "he complemented the sober clearness of the Antiochian exegesis and the rhetorical arts of U-
CHRYSOSTOM
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CHXJB
buiios wkb fhe depth of Uf wmn ChriitUn heurt, and tlimt he carried out in his own lifef af far as mor- tal man can do it, the ideal of the priesthood which, in jonthftil enthnsiasm, he once described'* (Church Hi$' tory, S 104). Niedner characterises him thus: *'In him we find a most complete mntnal interpenetration of theoretical and practical theology, as well as of the dogmatical and ethical elements, exhibited mainly in the Ibaion of the ezegetical and homiletical. Hence hia exegesis was goarded against harren philology and dogma, and his pnlpit discourse was fk«e from doctrinal abstraction and empty rhetoric The introdaction of the knowledge of Christianity from the sources into the pnctical life of the people left him little time for the development of special dogmas" (jSuAidiiit d, ehr. jrtre&e,1846,p.828).
We have ttom Ch^ysostom over six hondred homi- liea, deUvered at Antioch and Constantinople, by &r the moefc Taloable of his writings. They are conseco- tire expository sermons on Gcoiesis, the Psalms, and moat of the books of the New Testament They con- tain hIa exegesis, and hence are so often quoted by modem commentators, especially the homilies on the Epistles of PaoL Besides them he wrote discoorses on special occasions, among which the twenty-one homi- liea oo the Statutes, occasioned by a rebellion at Anti- och in 897, are the most celebrated. The other works of Chrjsoetom are his youthftil treatise on the priest- hood already alluded to ; a number of doctrinal and moral eaaays in defence of the Christian faith, and in conmiendation of celibacy and the nobler forms of monastic lifs ; and two hundred and forty-two letters, nearly all written during his exile between 408 and 407. The most important of the letters are two ad- dressed to the Boman bishop Innocent I, with his r^ ply, and seventeen long letters to his friend Olympias, a pious widow and deaconed. They all breathe a no- ble Christian spbrit, not desiring to be recalled from exile, convinced that there is but one misfortune— de- parture from the path of piety and virtue, and filled with cordial friendship, fidthful care for all the inter- ests of the Church, and a calm and cheerfU looking forward to the glories of heaven. The so-called LU- mrgy of Chrysostom, which is still in regular use in the Greek and Bussian churches, bears the unmistak- able marks of a later age.
UkeralMrt, — ^The best edition of the works of Chry^ sostom in the original Greek, with a Latin translation, is the Benedictine, prepared by Bernard de Montfku^ con, first published hi Paris 1718-1788, hi 18 fol. vols. ; reprinted hi Venice 1784-*41 ; m Paris (Gaume), 1884- ^ ; and hi Migne*s Patnkgia, 185^'80. The Homi- lies have been often translated into French, German, English, and other languages (English translation in the Oxford library of the Fathers, 1842-*63); so also his youthful work on the Priesthood (see above). On the lift and character of Chrysostom see especially the VUa in vol. xiii of the Opera^ p. 91-178 ; Tillemont, Mimoire$f vol. xi, p. 1-405; Stiltmg, Acta 8<metorum for Sept 14 ; Neander, Der heiL ChnftoOomuM (Berlin, 1821, 8d ed. 1848, in 2 vols, (the first volume translated by Stapleton, Loud. 1888) ; V Qlemahi, TabUam de VUo- qwemoe ohrkieime au IV* dkie (Par. 1849, p. 154^217) ; Pertfaes,2i/*s o/Chrfgodom (Boston, 1864, 12roo); Abb6 Bochet, Hittotre de St, Jean Chryeogtome (Par. 1868). Comp. also SchaiTs Ckureh History^ 1866, vol. ill, p. 702 sq. and 968 sq. (from which a part of the above sketch has been taken).
Chub [pron. CiOi] (l^iS, Heb. Kub, deriv. unoer- tahi; Sept apparently A(/3t;ec> but transposes ; Yulg. Ciic&), a word occurring only once as the name of a people in alliance with Egjrpt in the time of Nebu- chadnezzar (Esek. XXX, 6) : " Cush, and Phut, and Lad, and all the min^^ people C^'^^)) and Chub (Sept nip^m ccd Kp^c koI Avioi cat AtjSvcc <coi ravnc ol Iwifuxroi lie ccbrwv v. r. Alfiutg coi Aidl" II.— X