Cit'im (Ktriloi V. r. Ktnacoi, Vulg. Cefct, A. V. "Citims''), a nation whose king Perseus is mentioned (1 Mace, viii, 5) as having- been defeated by the Ro- mans ; evidently the Chittim (q. v.), or Macedonians. Citizenship, the rights and privileges of a native or adopted citizen (iroXiT-iyc* 2 Mace iv, 50 ; v, 6 ; ix, 15, 19 ; Luke xv, 15 ; xix, 14 ; Acts xxi, 89), in dis- tinction from a foreigner. The following account is in part taken from Kitto and Smith, s. v. See Alien. 1. Hthrew, — Under the Mosaic constitution, which was framed on a basis of religious rather than of po- litical privileges and distinctions, the idea of the com- monwealth (7roXir€ca, Eph. ii, 12) was merged in that of the congregation, to which every Hebrew, and even strangers under certain restrictions, were admitted. See CoNOREOATioN. Strict isolation did by no means, as some suppose, form the leading principle in the sys- tem of theocracy as laid down by Moses, since even non-Israelites, under various names [see Stbanobr], not only were allowed to reside in Palestine, but had the fullest protection of the law equally with the na- tive Israelites (Exod. xii, 19 ; Lev. xxiv, 22 ; Num. XV, 15 ; XXXV, 15 ; Deut. i, 16 ; xxiv, 17 : the. law of usury, Deut. xxiii, 20, made, however, an exception), and were, besides, recommended in general terms by Moses to humanity and charity (Exod. xxii, 21 ; xxiii, 9 ; Lev. xix, 83, 84 ; Deut. x, 18 ; comp. Jer. vii, 6 ; Mai. iii, 5 ; see Josephus, Apion, ii, 28), as well as to a participation in certain prerogatives granted to the poor of the land, such as a share in the tithe and feast- offiaring, and the harvest in the jubilee-year (Deut. xiv, 29 ; xvi, 10, 14 ; xxvi, 11 ; Lev. xxv, 6). In re- turn, it was required on the part of non-Israelites not to commit acts by which the religious feelings of the people might be hurt (Exod. xx, 10; Lev. xvii, 10; xviii, 26 ; xx, 2 ; xxiv, 16 ; Deut. v, 14. The eating of an animal which had died a natural death, Deut. xiv, 21, seems to have been the sole exception). The dvanta^ the Jew had over the Gentile was thus
strictly spiritual, in his being a citizen, a member of the theocracy (the ^)^ ^^Pt oommumiy of J'ekof^ Num. xvi, 8 ; Deut. xxiii, 2), on whom po«itiT« lavi were enjoined. But even to this spiritual privilege GentUes were admitted under certain restrictiaai (Deut. xxiii, 1-9) ; thus we find among the Israelites. Doeg, an Edomite (1 Sam. xxi, 8), as also Uriah, i Hittite (a Canaanite). The only nations that were altogether excluded from the citizenship of the tlieoc> racy by especial command of the Lord were the Aa- monites and Moabites, from a feeling of -rengeance against them ; and in the same situation were aU es»- traied persons and bastards, from a feeling of disgnec and shame (Deut. xxiii, 1-6). In the thne of Soid> mon no less than 153,600 strangers were reudent m Palestine (2 Chron. ii, 17). See Gentile.
II. Roman. — The right of citizenship (iroXfrno; "freedom," Acts xxii, 28, i. e. to be oonsideRd at equal to natives of the city of Rome,,^ dviUUis, cki' ta$) was granted hi the times of the emperors to whole provinces and cities (Dio Cass, xli, 25 ; Snet. A vg. 47), as also to single Individuals (Tacit. AnnaL i, 58 ; Soe- ton. Nero^ 12 ; Dio Cass, xliii, 89 ; Appian, Cic. iii, 26X ' for some service rendered to the state (Cic BaXb. 22) ' or the imperial fimiUy (Sueton. Aug, 47), sotueliuwi through mere favor (Tacit. Hist, iii, 41)^ or even for a certain sum of money (Acts xxii, 28 ; Dio Cass, xli, 24; see Heinecc. Antiq. jwr. Rom. i, 1, 11 sq.). The apostle Paul was a Roman citizen (aim nates, Snetoa. Calig. 88 ; see Amtzen, De dvUaU Rom. <gaoai, PaA Utr. 1725) by family (Acts, L c.) [see Tabscs], asl hence his protesting against corporal or capital poa- ishment (Acts xvi, 87 ; comp. Cic. Verr. v, 57, 65; £e- seb. Hist, JEccles. v, 1, etc.). It appears from a variety of passages in the classic writers that a Roman dtnea could not legally be scourged {virgis or JbgeUio emd%)x this punishment being deemed to the last degree dis- honorable, and the most daring indignity and insvh upon the Roman name. Such was the fiunooa *' Pm-- I da Lex," '* A Roman citizen, judges, '* exdaims Cic^ I ero, in his oration against Yerres, *^ was publicly beatoi with rods in (he forum of Messina; during this pfsblie , dishonor, no groan, no other expression of the nnhap- py wretch was heard amid the cruelties he enflered, and the sound of the strokes that were inflicted, bet this : ' I am a Roman citizen V " Neither was it law- ful for a Roman citizen to be bound, or to be exaa- ined by the question, or torture, to extort a confeesioB from him. These punishments were deemed servik; torture was only inflicted upon slaves ; freemen were exempted from this inhumanity and ignominy. The right once obtained descended to a man*8 childreo (Acts xxii, 28 ; see Zimmem, Oegch. des rdm, PritaL rechUy I, ii, 441). The Jews had rendered signal ser- vices to Julius Cesar in the Egyptian war (JoecfAss, Ant, xiv, 8, 1 and 2), and it is not improbable that many obtained the freedom of the dty on that gioond; certain it is that great numbers of Jews who were Bo- man citizens were scattered over Greece and Asia Minor {Ant. xiv, 10, 18 and 14). Among the inivi- leges attached to citizenship, the most noteworthj was the above, that a man could not be bound or impris- oned without a formal trial (Acts xx, 29), still les be scourged (Acts xvi, 87; Cic Verr. v, 68, 66); the sim- ple assertion of citizenship was sufficient to deter a magiBtrate firem such a step (Acts xxii, 25; Cic Ferr. V, 62), as any infringement of the privilege was visited with severe punishment. A Jew could only plead ex- emption from such treatment before a Roman magis- trate ; he was still liable to it from Jewish authorities (2 Cor. xi, 24; Selden, 8yn. u, 15, § 11). Another privilege attaching to citizenship was the appeal frmn a provincial tribunal to the emperor at R<Hne (Acts xxv, 11). See Appeal. The rights of the Roiaao citizen included several other important privileges: he had a full right over his property, his childrea, and