CLARENINES
364
CLARK, JOHlSr
made in the king^s conrt, whether due npon contract or not. (Cond^nned,) 16. Sons of peasants cannot be ordained withoat.the consent of their feodal lords. {Tolerated.)
The high importance of these decrees of the Diet, for those times, is yerj obrions. On the one hand, the king intended by tliem to make the dignitaries of the Chorch as dependent upon the crown as the bar- ons, and not only to pat a limit to their Jurisdiction, bat also to secare the election and investiture of the prelates, and, by limitations of the appeals to the pope, to preserve his own paramount rights. On the other hand, his aim was to put the exercise of justice upon a sure footing, by subjecting the whole clergy to the common law of the country. The Constitutions con- tain the germs of the highly important institution of the wandering assizes, founded by him twelve years later at the Diet in Northampton. The barons will- ingly gave their consent to Uiis improvement of the administration of justice, and still more to the limita- tion of the powers of the Church, but Becket did every- thing in his power to destroy tlie effect of the Consti- tutions. Above all, the sixteenth article was directed against the lower clergy, who were his principal sup- port. When the Constitutions were submitted to him that he might put his seal to them, as all the other prel- ates did in token of their consent, he refused. Aiter- wards, when one of the three copies made of the docu- ment was handed to him for his seal and signature, he seems to have yielded, after some resistance, to the command of the king ; but he had scarcely left Claren- don when he showed the bitterest repentance. He suspended himself from all his clerical functions for forty days, until he had received from the pope abso- lution for his oath, and the condemnation of ^e Con- stitutions. After twice vainly attempting to fly across the sea, he was accused of the violation of the Consti- tutions at the Diet in Northampton, in October of the same year, and was commanded to give an account of the expenditure of considerable sums he had been intrusted with daring his administration as lord chan- cellor. The crucifix in his hand, he declared that he would not listen to the sentence, and left the chamber, followed by calumnies, but received outside with en- thusiasm by the people. A few days later he had fled to Flanders. After an exile of six years, he returned to England on the 1st of December, 1170, as, apparent- ly at least, a reconciliation had l)een effected between him and the king. But only four weeks later he was assassinated in his cathedrtd. The consequences of this murder are well known. In October, 1172, at Avranches, the king had to take an oath of purification before the papal legate, and revoke all which displeased the pope in the Clarendon Constitutions. — Herzog, RecU-Enctfklopddie, Supplement, i, 827 (from which this article is translated) ; Wilkins, Concilia Magna Britain^ nim, i, 435 ; Landon, ManucU ofCouncilsj p. 132 ; Mos- heim. Church Hittory^ cent, xii, bk. iii, pt. ii, ch. ii, § 12 ; Hume, Hist, of England (Harpers' ed.), i, 803-^06.
Clarenines, a monastic order founded in the neighborhood of Ancona in 1302 by Angelo di Cordo- va, after the suppression of the Celestiits (q. v.), of which he had been a member. Angelo was cited be- fore pope John XXII as a separatbt in 1317, but was acquitted. He died at Naples 1840. After his death the Clarenines submitted themselves to the ordinaries, and made great progress in several dioceses of Italy. In 1472, however, a large number of them joined the Minorites (q. v.). Finally, when pope Julius II reor- ganized the Franciscans (q. v.), dividing them into Observants and Conventuals, the Clarenines, after in- clining for a while toward the latter, at last connected themselves with the Observants. See Wadding, An- nal. Minor f Henrion; Fehr, AUg. Getch. der Mdnchaor- dm, i, 285 ; Wetzer u. Welte, Kirchen-Lexikon, ii, 567.
Claxio, or ClaritiB, Isidobb, a Benedictine monk,
bishop, and writer, was bom at the castle of CUsAl near Brescia, 1495, and at an early age entend tfce monastery of Monte Cassino, where he studied eept- cially the original languages of Scripture. Paal III sent him to the Council of Trent, where he greatly dif. tinguished himself, especially in the diBCtisaioiis in tfe Vulgate. The pope made him bishop of FoUgno. fie died May 28, 1555. His chief literary labor was t correction of the Vulgate, with annotations (^Vwlgala ediUo V. et N. J., Venice, 1542, 1667, 1664, ftd.). H« asserts that he had corrected 8000 places ; said Ins fint edition (1542) was put into the Index Expnrigatoriitt. He borrowed Urgely, in his notes, frwn Sebastun Mis- ster (q. v.).— Hoefer, Nouvelle Biog. Gh^alt^ ix, Kt; Hook, Eod. Biog. iv, 77.
Clark, Daniel A., A.M., a Congregational aad Presbyterian minister, was bom at Rahwaj, N J., March 1, 1779, and graduated at Princeton in 1^06. While a student at Andover Theological Seminarr be was licensed by the Presbytery of New Jersey, and k 1812 he was ordained and installed pastor of the Coa- gregational Union Ch. of Braintree and Weymootli, Mass. Thence he removed in 1815 to Hanover, N. J., and in 1816 to Southbury, Conn., where, in addition t» his work as a minister, he taught gratuitously " wiA a view of elevating the standard of education.** la 1820 he was installed pastor of the west parish of Am- herst, Mass., where he was involved in certain difficul- ties, and in 1826 he accepted a call to Bennington, Vt, where he was very active and useful. Leaving Ben- nington in 1830, he supplied Dr. Beman*s pulpit in Troy, labored for a time in Utica, N.T., and was in- stalled pastor in Adams, Jefferson Co., N. T., in 1831 In 1833 his health obliged him to withdraw from the ministry. He devoted the remainder of his days to literary pursuits, and died March 3, 1840. " Thoagfa practically a Congregationalist while he exendsed ha ministry in New England, he always retained hu pref- erence for the Presbyterian form of Church govern- ment, and resumed his relations with the Presbyteri- an Church as soon as he had the opportunity.** Dr. Osgood (in Sprague, cited below) says: ''The pub- lished sermons of Mi. Clark, I believe it is genenlhr admitted, take rank with the ablest sermons which o«ir country has produced.*' For his publications, see ffis Complete Works, toith a BiograpUcal Sketch, etc, by Rev. Geo. Shepard, D.D. (1846, 2 vols. 8vo) ; 5th edit edited by his son J. H. Clark, M.D. (N. T. 1856, 2 vob. 8vo).— Sprague, Annals^ iv, 460.