But the trade which Solomon took so moch paizB t» encourage was not a maritime trade only. He baik, or more probably fortified, Baalbek and Palmyra; tk latter at least expressly as a caravan station for tk land-commerce with eastern and south-eastern Ant (1 Kings ix, 18). See Solomon.
After his death the maritime trade declined, and as attempt made by Jehoshaphat to revive it proved vd* successful (1 Kings xxii, 48, 49). See Tabshise. We know, however, that Phoenicia was snpplied (rm Jodiea with wheat, honey, oil, and balm (1 Kingr T. 11 ; Ezek. xxvii, 17 ; Acts xii, 20 ; see Joeephos, War, ii, 21, 2 ; Life, 13), whilst Tyrian dealers brought fish and other merchandise to Jerusalem at the time <i the return from captivity (Xeh. xiii, 16^ ^ "^^ ^ timber for the rebuilding of the Temple, whidi thea, as in Solomon's time, was brought by sea to Jopf* (Eara iii, 7). Oil was exported to Egypt (Hos. xn, 11 and fine linen and ornamental girdles of domestic nus- ufacture were sold to the merchants (Prov. xxxi, 24 . The successive invasions to which Palestine wait tn^- jected, involving both large abstraction of treasar^ by invaders, and heavy imposts on the inhabitants t<^ purchase immunity or to satisfy demands for tribot?^ must have impoverished the country fh>m time to tiis^ (under Rehoboam, 1 Kings xiv, 26 ; Asa xv, 18 ; Joash, 2 Kings, xii, 18; Amaziah, xiv, 18; Ahaz, xvi, 9; Hezekiah, xviii, 15-16 ; Jehoabaz and Jehoiakim, xxE
COMMINATION
437
COMMON PRAYER
3, 85; Jehdachin, xziv, 18); but it is also dear, as be denondations of the prophets bear witness, that lach wealth mast somewhere have existed in the oimtry, and much foreign merchandise have been im- orted ; so much so that, in the language of Ezekid, emsalem appears as the rival of Tyre, and throngh to port, Joppa, to have carried on trade with foreign ouitries (Isa. ii, 6, 16 ; iii, 11, 23 ; Hoe. zil, 7 ; Ezek. ucvi, 2; Jonah, i, 8; comp. Heeren, As, Nai, i, p. SS). See pH<BNictA.
Under the Maccabees Joppa was fortified (1 Mace. dv, 34), and later still Cssarea was built and made a >ort by Herod (Joseph. Ant, xv, 9, 6; Acts xxvii, 2). Toppa became afterwards a haunt for pirates, and was aken by Cestius ; afterwards by Vespasian, and de- troyed by him (Strab. xvi, p. 769 ; Josephus, War, ii, ^, 10 ; iii, 9, 1). See Palestine.
4. The internal trade of the Jews, as well as the ex-* emal, was much promoted, as was the case also in Sgypt, by the festivals, which brought large numbers (f persons to Jerusalem, and caused great outlay in rictims for sacrifices and in incense (1 Kings viii, 63 ; omp. Heeren, Afr. Nat, ii, 868). See Festival.
The places of public market were, then as now, hiefly the open spaces near the gates, to which goods rere brooght for sale by those who came from the out- ide (Neh. ziii, 16, 16 ; Zeph. i, 10). See Gate.
The traders in later times were allowed to intrude Dto the Tem|de, in the outer courts of which victims rere publicly sold for the sacrifices (Zech. ziv, 21 ; Oatt. xzi, 12 ; John ii, 14). See Temple.
In the matter of buying and selling great stress is aid by the Law on fairness in dealing. Just weights ind balances are stringently ordered (Lev. xix, 86, 86 ; )eut. zxv, 13-16). Kidnapping slaves is forbidden inder the severest penalty (Exod. xzi, 16 ; Dent xxiv, *). Trade in swine was forbidden by the Jewish, doc- ors (see Surenfausius, AfiackmOj de dcann. c 7, vol. iv, !0 ; LightfiDot, Hor, ffeb, on Matth, viii, 83 ; SaalschQtz, i rch. Hebr, c. 16, 16).— Kitto, s. v. ; Smith, s. v. See
ilEBCHANT.
Commination, an office in the Liturgy of the IHinrch of England, which contains God's thrtaHeninga igainst impenitent sinners. It is directed to be used m the first day of Lent, and at other times, as theoi^ Bnary shall appoint. It is called Commination ftom iie opening Eschortation to Repentance, in which the rorses of God against sin are recited. The office for * A Commination, or denouncing of God's anger and ^gments against sinners,'* was left out of the Amer- can Prayer-book, but the three conduding prayen of hat office were introduced into the service fbr Ash- ^Fednesday, immediatdy after the Collect for that day. $ee Procter on Common Prayer, 429; Hook, Chiarch Oic^oncay, s. v. ; Eden, Churd^man'M Dictionary, s. v.
Commissary. 1. In the Church of England, an officer who fills the bishop's place in exercising eccle- ustical jurisdiction, in places so fSu* distant f^m the ;hief city that the chancellor cannot call the people to he bishop's prindpal consistory court without great rouble to them. — ^Eden, Ckvrchman's Dictionary, s. v.
2. In the Church of Rome, archbishops, bishops, or rther dignitaries are deputed as Ptysal Commiuarie* 'or the exercise of functions properly belonging to the Mpe; and in the same manner bishops may depute pitcopal comnmtaries. If they are deputed for one articular act they are temporary commissaries (com' nissarU temporarU), If several individuals are con- jointly deputed for such a function they ar^ called a ^ommtsgion. If persons are clothed by the pope, or by i bishop, with power to exercise regularly ftinctions Klonging to them, they are called perpetual commitsa- v« (oommiatarii perpetm). See Wetzer und Welte, Ktrchen-Lex. ii, 714.