Consalvi, Ebcolb, marquis of Consalvi, a cardi- nal, and one of the ableM diplomatic agents of Rome in the present century, was born at Rome, June 8, 1757. Pius VI appointed him in 1792 to the office of Uditore deUa sacra rttota, and afterwards minister of war. In this capacity he showed himself a steady en- emy of the French Revolution. When the French troops took Rome in 1798 he was made prisoner, but soon after released. After the death of Pius YI he was secretary of the conclave which elected cardinal Chiramonte (Pius YII) as pope, and soon after (1800) he was made by the new pope secretary of state and cardinal. In 1801 he went to Paris, where he signed the concordat with Napoleon, July 15 ; but hav- ing afterwards incurred the displeasure of the empe- ror, Consalvi resigned (1806) his office. He refused his assent to the divorce of Napoleon and Josephine, in the council held on the subject, and was exiled in 1809. The pope having returned to Rome in 1814, Consalvi was restored to his position as prime minis- ter, and soon sent to the conferences held by the great powers at London as representative of the papal in- terests. He was also papal plenipotentiary at the Congress of Vienna, when he secured the restitution of all the papal territories with the exception of Avig- non and Venaissin. Against the incorporation of these places with France he protested, as also against the occupation of Ferrara and Rimini by Austrian troops, aiid against the secularization of the ecclesias- tical states of Germany. This protest, howeve;*, was of no avail, and he was also unsuccessful in his en- deavor to rearrange the ecclesiastical affiiirs of Ger- many by one general concordat. He was more for- tunate in his negotiations with particular states, and successfully concluded concordats (q. v.) with France, Russia, Poland, Prussia, Austria, Bavaria, Wiirtem-
berg, Sardinia, Spain, Geneva, and even with St Do- mingo and ChilL At the death of Pius YII (1828) k retired to Porto d' Anzo, but was called again to Bssi by Leo XII, who placed him at the head of the IVepi- ganda, which office he had hardly accepted whea be died, Jan. 24, 1824. — Jfemoiret du GinBmai Crnadii (with introduction and notes by Cretaneaa-Joly, P^ 1864, 2 vols.); Wetwsr u. Welte, Kirdket^Lex, ii, ai. Barthddy, Zuge aus dem Leben des Card. Comsh (Stuttgardt, 1824) ; Jievue Ckrkiame, 6 Feb. 186&.
Consanguinity, alHance by blood, as i^U^ (q. V.) is alliance by marriage. Certain degrees d consanguinity are among the impediments to mm- riage, both by the law of nature and by the reveild word of God. These degrees, as defined by the Onicb of Englaifd, are expressed in a table dzmwn sp bf archbbhop Parker in 1568, and set forth bj m&theii^. This table is as follows :
A TdbU of Kindred and AJfhdtjf^ wherein M^hoeoewer vt n- kUed are/orbiddtn in Seriplure and our Law§ to wmj together.
Anummagnotmarnfktt ^ '*^"~*{|i,5iXJ^ **^
1 Grandmother, 1 Omdfatber,
2 Grandlkther'B Wife, 8 Gimndmother't Hvtead, 8 Wife*8 Grandmother. 3 Huib&od*s Gruidffttfao.
4 Father's Sister,
5 Mother's Sister,
6 Father's Brother's Wife.
7 Mother's Brother's Wife,
8 Wife*s Father's Sister,
9 Wife's Mother's Sister.
4 Father's Brother, 6 Moiber*a Broiher,
6 Father's Siatei's Hi^a^
7 Mother's Aster's Hntbod. . 8 UosbaDd*6Father^Bn?^3,
9 Husband's Mothei'BBnUa:
10 Father,
11 Step-£ather, 18 Hnaband^s Feather.
18 Son.
14 Husband's Son,
16 Daughter's HosfaaadL
16 Brother,
17 Husband's Brother,
18 lister's Huabuid.
19 Son's Son, 90 Daughter's Soti^ 81 Son's Daoghtei's Hmbssi
88 Daughter's Daogfalei'h He- band,
83 Hut»band*8 Son's Soe,
84 Husband's DiaDgfater't Sob.
85 Brother's Son, 26 Sister's Son, 87 Brother's Danghtsc'i Hsf-
10 Mother,
11 Btep-mother, 18 Wife's Mother.
13 Daughter,
14 Wife's Daughter, .
15 Son's Wife.
16 Sister,
17 Wife's Sister,
18 Brother's Wife.
19 son'n Daughter,
20 Daughter's Daughter, 31 Sod's Son's Wife.
88 Daughter's Son's Wife, 88 Wife's Son's Daughter, 84 Wife's Daughter's Dangh- tei\
K Brother's Daughter,
86 Sister's Daughter,
87 Brother's Son's Wife.
88 Sister's Son's Wife, 88 Sister's Daugfatex's Ho-
band,
89 Wife's Brother's Daughter, 89 Husband's Brother's S«e, 30 Wife's Sister's Daughter. 30 Husband's Sfeters Soa. See Affinitt.
ConBcIenoe. See Ethics; Mo&ai. Pbiloso-
PHY.
CONSCIENCE, Casks of. See Casuistbt.
Conacientiaxll (conscience people), the name of a sect of atheistic freethinkers in the 17th centur. The founder of the sect was a student of theolegr ti the University of Jena, Matthias von Knntsen (also called Knuzan or Kuntzen), bom at Oldensworth, in Schleswig, who, while studying at Jena Qn 1674), m- culated among the students two writings, in wfaieb bs denied the existence of God, the anthority of the Bible, and the difference between marriage and fbmicatian. recognising only the individual reason and coasrusn (hence the name) as rules of religion^ belief. Knutseo claimed to have numerous adherents at all the oniver- sities and capitals of Europe, at Jena no less than TOil, and thus brought the university into bad repute. Ute professors of Jena indignantly denied his assatjoc The excitement produced by the discovery of the «p- tation of Knutsen soon died out, and the Ccmtdentiaro were no longer heard of. See Wetzer n. Welte, JTtrdL* Lex. ii, 815 ; Arnold, Kirch, tc Ketterhist. toL iL
Consecration (properly some form of tbs nib
CONSECRATION
485
CONSECRATION
3^5, haiatk'^ to be Ao^, often rendered "sanctify;** yccua^Zw* to dedieaU; rcActow, to oompkU)^ the act if devoting or setting apart anything to the worship a* serrice of God. See Dedication. The Mosaic aw orduned that all the first-bom, both of man and >east, should be sanctified or consecrated to God. See F^BSX-BORN. The whole race of Abraham was in a >eculiar manner consecrated to his worship, and the :iibe of Levi and family of Aaron were more immedi- ately consecrated to the service of God (Exod. adil, 2 ; Kii, 15 ; Num. iii, 12 ; 1 Pet. U, «). See Sacerdotal [>Ri>EB. Besides these consecrations ordained by God, there were others which depended on the will of men, and were either to continue forever or for a time only. See Vow. Hannah, the mother of Samuel, offered her son to the Lord to serve all his lifetime in the tabernacle (1 Sam. i, 11 ; comp. Luke i, 15). Da- vid and Solomon devoted the Nethinim to the service of the Temple forever (Ezra viii, 20). The Hebrews sometimea devoted their fields and cattie to the Lord, and aometimes the spoils taken in war (Levit xxvii, 28, 29). In like manner, vessels (Josh, vi, 19), profits (Mic. iv, IB), individuals (Num. vi, 9-18 ; 1 Sam. i, 11 ; Lake i, 15), and nations (Exod. xix, 6), were often ded- icated. See Anathema.