Cotton, John, an eminent Congregational minis- ter, was bom at Derby, Eng., Dec. 4, 1585. He was "tudent in Cambridge, became fellow of Emmanuel
College, and was chosen sucoeariviely bead lactanr and dean. In 1612 he was settled as minister at Bm- ton, Lincolnshire. After preachini^ wyme tew yevi he was sUenced for nonoonlbrmity with mhdc tat- monies which he held to be unseriptural, bat aJIsr i short time he was reinstated. About 1€S2, te eacsf; examination before the High Commiesaon Coait,L! secreted himself in London, and thence sailed for Kev England, arriving in Boston SepL 8, 168S. On Oct. 10 he was appointed preacher in the First GhsicL He died Dec. 28, 1652. He pnUiabed An AbetnKt ^' the Laws of New England (1641) :-^The CkwxXs Bu- urrection (l&i2):— The Pmtring ma of the Seeen Yi£i (1642) I— The Way of Life (Lond. IMX, 4to) z—Senma on Mercy and JusHce of God (Lon± 1641, 4to) :—Exp^ sUion of the Canticles (Lond. 1642, 8vo) : — Tie CsKK»i of Grace (Lond. 1662, sm. 8vo) : — A practieal Cosmo- tary ypontktlit EpisUeofJohn (Lond. 1656, foL), wi& several minor writings. --Spragae, Asmais, i, 25.
Cotton MSS. See Pubpurbub, Codkx.
Couch (?^2£^, yatsu'a, something ^preai. Cm. xlix, 4; " bed," 1 Chron. v, 1 ; Job xvii, IS; Psa. Ixiii, 6; cxxxii, 8; ^3^^, mishkab', sometfaiog to fir »upon, Job vii, 18, elsewhere " bed ;" to^5, e'res, woe- thing erected, Psa. vi, 6; Amos iii, 12;'vi, 4; "bed." Job vii, 13 ; Psa. xli, 8 ; cxxxii, 8 ; Pro v. vii, 16 ; Cstl i, 16 ; ** bedstead," Deut iii, 11 ; cXci/i^tov, & Hide bed, Luke V, 19, 24 ; tpafifiaroQ, a poZ/ef, Acts v, IS, dec- where **bed"). Feather-beds, as among as, are oa- known in the East, as indeed generally in sootbeni climates. The poor sleep* on mats or wrapped in tker overclothes (Exod. xxii, 27; Deut. xxiv, 18: conpk Theocr. xviii, 19 ; Stobasi 8erm, 72, p. 404 : as to Roth iii, 9 ; Ezek. xvi, 8, see Biel in the Miaodl. lips, Ihr, V, 209 sq.), and, in the open air, sometimes have obIt a stone for a pillow (Arvieux, ill, 216 ; oomp. Gen. ix. 21, 28 ; xxviii, 11). The wealthy use bolsters or tm- tresses (Russel, Alqtpo, i, 195), stuffed with wool ci cotton. These are not laid upon a bedstead, bat oii raised portion (divan, q. v.) along the side of the rom, which by day serves for a seat (Harmar, i, 1S4 ; ii. 71 ; BosenmOller, Moryenl. iii, 211 ; vi, 14 ; Lorent, ITos- der. p. 82). Whether the couches of the ancient He- brews for the sick or sleeping, which are nsaaQr termed n^^^, mUah' (Gen. xlvii, 81 ; 1 Sam. xix, 13: 2 Sam. iv^ 7; 2 Kings i, 4), ns^^, mishhA' (Exod. xxi, 18 ; 2 Sam. xiii, 5 ; Cant. Ui,' 1), X3h:S, ^res (Job vii, 18 ; Cant, i, 16 ; Prov. vii, 11 ; properly a hed^tni, see Deut iii, 11), were upon such a platform, is nnce^ tain, as they appear to have been movable (1 Sain. xix, 15), and were probably used in the daytime, like sofas, for sitting down and repose (1 Sam. xxviii, 23; Ezek. xxiii, 41; Amos iii, 12 ; vi, 4 ; yet compare 3 Kings iv, 10). Costiy carpets graced the houses of
Orientol Garden Beditead.
COXJLON
637
COUNCIL
be rich (Pror. tU, 16 sq. ; Esek. xziii, 41 ; Amos iii, l2>; those who lay upon them covered themselTes wittt sioiikr tapestry, aiid placed a soft fur under their lead. (1 Sam. zix, 18). A canopy, or bed wHh a tester, A named in the Apocrypha (Judith xvi. 28), and else- irhere a hanging bed or hammock (nd^l^Ta, Isa. xxiv, 20^, such as watchers in gardens used (Gesenius, Thes, ETeb. p. 760; comp. Niebuhr, Betehr. p. 158). In the Mistina various kdnds of beds or couches are referred to ; e. g. the tt^J'^?, dargash^ (Jftdar, vii, 5). The coaches (icXtvi}, xpa^^aro^ for the sick, named in the N. T. (Matt, ix, 6; Biark ii, 4; vi, 66; Luke v, 18; Acts v, 5, etc.) were movable (Becker, CharicL ii, 72). — ^Wlner, i, 178. See Bkd.
Ooalon. See Culon.
Oonlter occurs in 1 Sam. xili, 20, 21, as the trans- lation of r.K (eth), an agricultural instrument, rendered elsewhere ^^phugh-share" (Isa. ii, 4; Mic. iv, 8; Joel iii, 10), for which, however, a different word stands in the passage in 1 Sam. The Sept. renders it by the general term amvoc, implemeiUj in 1 Sam., hnt pimgh' share in the other passages. Tlie Kabbins understand it to be a maitodc It was probably the facing-piece or shoe of a plough, analogous to our coulter, as it was of iron, with an edge that required sharpening, and was easily transformed into a sword. Such an appendage to the plough, however, is not now in use in the East [see Aobicultube], but would be greatly needed in improved cultivation, considering the frail structure of the plough itself, the point being usually only of wood (see Wilkinson's Ancient Egj/ptkau^ ii, 14, 17). See Plough.
Council is the rendering given by our translators ctiiefly to two Greek words.
1. £ufi^ovXiov (a muimg qfoowueBors) signifies a consultatitm of persons for executing any enterprise (Matt, xii, 14), a sense elsewhere covered by the usual translation '^counsel;" also a cmmdl, or assembly of persons duly convened. In Acts xxv, 12, it b spoken of counaeUort, i. e. persons who sat in public trials with the governor of a province ; called also oondUarii (Sue- tonius, Tib, 88) or asHtaorts (Lamprid. VU, Alex, Sev. 46), in the regular proconsular **conventus." This last was a stated meeting of the Roman citisens of a province in the chief town, for the purpose of trying causes, from among whom the proconsul selected a nnmber to try the cases in dispute, himself presiding orer their action. From the instance in question, something analogous appears to have obtained under the procnratoTship of Judasa (see Smith's Diet, of Clam, Ant, 8. V. Conventus). See Asiabch ; Procubator.