Crakanthorp, Richabd, D.D., was bom at Strickland, in Westmoreland, in 1667. He was admit- ted to Queen's College, Oxford, in 1688, and became fellow in 1698. He obtained the rectory of Black Notley, Essex, and died in 1624. He had the reputa- tion of being a general scholar, was quite a canon- ist, perfectly acquainted with ecclesiastical antiquity and scholastic divinity, and was a celebrated preacher. His principal works are, Dtfensio Ecclesite AngU- ctma contra M. Antonii de Dominis, D. Archiepiscopi Spalatensis, injurias (new edit, in The Library of Anglo- Catholic Theology, Oxf. 1847, 8vo)» — Homers Seer overseene (Lond. 1681, M.):—The Defence of Constantine, with a TreaHse of the Papers temporal Afonarchie (Lond. 1621, 4to).— Dar- ^fift Cgclopadia BthHographicay s. v. Cramer, Johahn Andreas, a German theologian and poetical writ- er, was bom at Josephstadt, Saxony, Jan. 29, 1728. He studied at Leipeic, was invited to Copenhagen by Fred- erick V, and, with the exception of three years, resided in Denmark from 1754 to 1788, in which latter year he died. At the time of his death he was chancellor of the University of
CRANE
560
CRANMER
KieL He tnnskted Bosraet^s Univeraal History, the Homilies of St. Clirysostom, and the Psalms of David into verse (Leips. 1755), and wrote tlie Northern Specta^ tor (der nordlsche Au&eher), three vols. (Copenhagen, 1758) ; Sermonsy twenty-two vols. ; and Poenu, three vols. (1782). Germany ranks him among her best 1^- ic poets.
Crane occurs in our version as the translation of 0!ID (<ttf, literally a letqter, fVom its swiftness, Isa. xxxviilf 14) or 0*^0 (sis, Jer. viii, 7), in connectbn with another bird, the "1^^^ {osi^\ the ckaUerer^ or, as Gesenios renders it in Isaiah, the chaUering^ as an ep- ithet of the other), which latter is rendered *' swallow'* in oar version. The Rabbins agree with onr version in rendering the former of these words (nu or m) by ** crane;" but Bochart and Gesenios (in accordance with the Sept, Theod., and Vulg.), more correctly, as we think, decide in favor of " swallow ;" while Luther, rejecting both, prefers ^* heron." Wliere so much di- versity of opinion reigns, it wiU be most safe to search for the true meaning by examining the internal evi- dence famished by the texts in question, the two names occurring in no other instance. In Isaiah, al- lusion is made to the voice of both the species (if dis- tinct), which IB described by the verb *' to chatter," in accordance, or nearly so, with all critical anthorities. See Swallow. In Jeremiah, where both names oc- cur in the same order, the birds are represented as "observing the time of their coming." Now, if the "crane" of Europe had been meant by either denomi- nation, the clamorous habits of the species would not have been expressed as " chattering;" and it is most probable that the striking characteristics of that bird, which are so elegantly and forcibly displayed in He- siod and Aristophanes, would have supplied the lofty diction of prophetical inspiration with associations of a
Crane {Grvs Cinerea).
character still more exalted. 8iu or m is the name of a fabulous long-legged bird in Arabian legends, but it also indicates the expressive sound of the swallow's voice, while a^ur is transferred with slight alteration to the stork in several northern tongues. The Teu- ticon cUberj Dutch oyevaer^ Esthonian cngr and o^ro, therefore support the view that the latter term is a tribal epithet of one of the great wading birds ; but neither the Hebrew text nor the Teutonic names point to the crane of Europe (^Ardea ffrus^ Linn., Grua cine- rea of later ornithologists), since that species has a loud trumpet voice, and therefore does not " chatter ;" ut especially because in its migrations it crosses the
Mediterranean into Africa, and does not appear in ?al. estine, unless by accident (driven thither poasiUy h% a western storm of vrind) ; and when a titM^ of cnmcs alight under these circumstances, it is only for a mo- ment ; they do not give evidence of purposely asses- bling like the swallow. Thus the few characteiisda indicated might seem to pomt out the stork, whkh does assemble in Syria in flocks before its depaitBie, and Ib not a clamorous bird, liaving little or no vc»x. But as the stork is clearly designated by a diflereE: appellation in the original [see Stork], we nnzs search for another species as me representatiTe of the Sftf, or at least of the latter term ; and we fortnnsteh find one which completely answers to the condituBf required ; for, being neitlMr a genuine crane, a stork. nor a heron, having a feeble voice, and striking, bst distinct manners, it is remarkable for beauty, Bri- bers, residence, and periodical arrival and depaztare. The Kumidian crane (Ardki virgo of Linn., the Grm mrgo of later writers, and Anikropcidu virgo of sosk)
Nnmidiaii Crane {Qru* Virgo}.
\b the bird, we have every reason to condnde, inte^ ed by " agar," though not coming Arom the noith, bst from Central Africa, down the Kile (the very circaia- stance which puzzled Hasselquist), and in the spring arriving in Palestine, while troops of them proceed to Asia Minor, and some as fiu: north as the CaspiaB. They are frequently found portrayed on Egyptian monuments, and the naturalist just quoted, who saw them on the Kile, afterwards shot one near Smyna: they visit the swamp above that city, and the 1^ of Tiberias, and depart in the fall, but do not utter the clangor of the crane, nor adopt its flight in two cot umns, forming an acute angle, the better to deare the air. This bird is not more than three feet m length; it is of a beautlAil bluish gray, with the cheeks, throat, breast, and tips of the long hindo- feathers and quills black, and a toft of delicate white plumes behind each eye. It has a peculiar dandni: walk, which gave rise to its French denominatioo <^ " demoiselle" (see the Penng Cgclcp(edia, s. v. Her- ons).— Kitto, s. V. See Bibd.