The Hebrew term sue occurs frequently ebewhere, but only in the sense of " horse" or cavairg.
Crane, John, D.D., a Congregational minirter, was bom at Korton, Mass., March 26, 175^ He grid- uated at Harvard in 1780, and was installed pastor at Korthbridge, Mass., June 25, 1788, where he remahted until his death, Aug. 31, 1836. He published JESgki Ditcoursee on BapHtm (1806) and a few occasional ser- mons.— Sprague, AfmciU, ii, 214.
Craxuner, Thomas, archbishop of Cantobmy, and one of the greatest of the English reformers, was bom at Aslacton, Kottinghamshire, July 2, 1489. He en- tered Jesus College in 1508, became a fellow in 151(^ 11, studied Greek, Hebrew, and theology with great diligence, and acquired high repute for scholarship. He forfeited his fellowship by an early marriage, bat his wife died within a year, and he was restored. la 1523 he took the degree of D.D. In 1528 he was st Waltham Abbey, the seat of Mr. Cressy, educating tbst gentleman's children. Here he met Gardiner sod Fox, who asked his opinion as to Henry VTIl's di-
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Toroe. Hifl reply was made known to the king, and gave him bo much satisfaction that he sent for Cran- mer, who relactantlj obeyed the sommons, and re- duced his opinion to writing. " It asserted that the marriage of Henry with his brother's widow was con- demned by the Scriptures, the councils, and the fa- thers ; and that the pope had no power to give a dis- pensation for that which was contrary to the word of God." Pains were taken to make this judgment known. Cranmer himself disputed upon it at Cam- bridge, and brought several over to his opinion. He was appointed chaplain to the king, presented to the archdeaconry of Taunton, and joined the embassy to Borne about the close of 1529. The ambassadors, find- ing all arguments unavailing with pope Clement, quickly returned, leaving Cranmer in Italy. The pope conferred on him the empty title of " Supreme Peni- tentiary.'' Wearied with delays, Cranmer left Italy in 1530, and went afterwards, on the same business, to France and Germany — an expedition which, although it produced no decisive public result, led to an event of great consequence to himself. Regardless of the Romish injunction for clerical celibacy, he married (1582) a second time, the object of his choice being the niece of Osiander, the pastor of Nuremberg. This se- cret act exposed him to many unworthy evasions. He was soon after made archbishop of Canterbury, and when consecrated (March 80, 15^), made a public pro- testation, " That he did not intend by this oath to re- strain himself from anything that he was bound to either by his duty to God, or the king, or the coun- try." " By this," says Burnet (^Hist. Reformation, vol. i), '* if he did not wholly save his integrity, yet it was plain he intended no cheat, but to act fairly and above- board." On the 23d of May, 1533, Cranmer declared the king's marriage void. Five days afterwards he publicly married the king to Anne Boleyn, a private marriage having taken place in the January previous. The business of his office and parliamentary duty now occupied his time. With his assistance were passed several statutes, by which the power of the pope in England was materially diminished ; the Convocation and universities assented to these statutes, pronounc- ing that ^*the bishop of Rome has not any greater ju- risdiction conferred on him in this realm of England than any other foreign bishop."
In 1534, with the consent of the Convocation, he set on foot a translation of the Bible, by dividing Tyn- dale's version of the New Testament into nine or ten parts, which ho required the most learned bishops to revise ; the translation was completed and ultimately printed at Paris. In 1535 he assisted in the second edition of the ** King's Primer," a book containing doc- trines bordering upon Protestantism. In 1636 the di- vorced queen died, and Henry, being now tired of Anne Bole\Ti, determined to get rid of her, and Cranmer a second thne served the bad passions of tke king, and, in \irttte of his office, pronounced the marriage void (1536). The pope threatened to assemble a synod to censure Henry. Cranmer and others signed a declaration that the king need not obey the deci- sions of such an assembly. With the assistance of niany eminent divines, Cranmer arranged the '* Bish- ops' Book" inculcating the doctrines of the Reform- ers. The king, to whom this book was submitted, himself inserted some corrections, fh)m which the archbishop was bold enough to dissent. The destruc- tion of the greater abbeys was now rapidly proceed- ing, and the funds which arose from them were lav- ished by Henry upon unworthy favorites, until Cran- mer, who had hoped to apply them to the promotion of religion and education, remonstrated against their improper application. A sum of money was obtained for the foundation of some new bishoprics, but the king's prodigality could be checked no further. From 1588 to 1644 the mind of Henry Till was against progress in the Reformation. On the 6th of May,
1538, Craiomer and others were appointed commis- sioners *' to inquire" (Le Bas,voL i, 204) "into the de- bated doctrines, and to prepare such articles as would pacify the spirit of controversy." At the end of elev- en days the labors of the commissioners coming to no result, the duke of Norfolk offered six articles (Bux^ net, vol. i) for the consideration of the House of Lords. Cranmer* 8 opinion.agreed only with one of these arti- cles, but they were passed (see Abticlbs, Six). Lat- imer and Shaxton resigned their bishoprics, an exam- ple which Cranmer did not think it his duty to fol- low. In July, 1540, he presided at the Convocation which pronounced the unjustifiable dissolution of the marriage between Henry and Anne of Cl^es. The misconduct of Catharine Howard, whom Henry had married, coming to the knowledge of the archbishop, he reported her profligacy to the king (1541). The proofi} of her crimes were held to be conclusive ; she was condemned and executed. The Reformation now (1542) became the sole occupation of Cranmer, who had transferred to the universities the task of revising a new edition of the Bible published the year before* In a minor degree Cranmer's attention was occupied in reproving the luxury in which some ecclesiastical establishments, as well as the bishops, had indulged.