Copper Troooi^uliki- ik,iu of GfpruA, wii.ii iL^ i.^^A tkod title (in I^tin) of Claudius Ccemr^ and the legend (In Greek), '* Under Arminius Produa, Prooonsnl Cav(^virarov] of the CTprlant.**
fell to the share of the Byzantine emperors. Richard I of England conquered it in 1191, and gave it to Guy Lusignan, by whose family it was retained for nearly three centuries. In 1473 the republic of Venice ob- tained possession of it ; but in 1571 it was taken by Selim II, and ever since has been under the dominion of the Turlcs. Cyprus was famed among the ancients for its beauty and fertility, and all modem travellers agree that in the hands of an industrious race it would be one of the most productive countries in the world, but Turldsh tyranny and barbarism have reduced it to a deplorable condition. Tlirough the neglect of drainage, the streams that descend from the mountain range form marshes, and render the island particular- ly unhealthy. Imperfectly as it Is cultivated, how- ever, it still abounds in every production of nature, and bears great quantities of com, figs, olives, oranges, lemons, dates, and, indeed, of every fiiiit seen in these climates ; it nourishes great numbers of goats, sheep, pigs, and oxen, of the latter of which it has at times exported supplies to Malta. The most valuable 'prod- uct at present is cotton. The majority of the popula- tion belong to the Greek Church ; the archbishop re- sides at I^ikosia. — Penny Cychpadia, s. v. ; M^Cul- loch*8 Gazetteer^ s. ▼.
*' This island was in early times in close commercial connection with Phoanicia, and there is little doubt that it is referred to in such passages of the 0. T. as Ezek. xxvii, 6. See Chittim. Josephus makes this identification in the most express terms (Ant. i, 6, 1 ; so Epiphan. Haer. xxx, 25). Possibly Jews may have settled in Cypras before the time of Alexander. Soon after his time they were numerous in the island, as is distinctly implied in 1 Mace, xv, 28 (comp. Josephus, Ant. xiii, 10, 4; Philo, 0pp. ii, 587). The name also occurs 2 Mace, x, 13 ; xii, 2. The copper mines were at one time fetrmed to Herod the Great (Josephus, Ant. xvi, 4, 5), and there is a Cyprian inscription (BOckh, No. 2628) which seems to refer to one of the Herods. The first notice of it in the N. T. is in Acts iv, 86, where it is mentioned as the native place of Barnabas. In Acts xi, 19, 20, it appears prominently in connec- tion with the earliest spreading of Christianity, first as receiving an impulse among its Jewish population fixun the persecution which drove the disciples from Jerasalem at the death of Stephen, and then, as fur- nishing disciples who preached the Grospel to Gentiles at Antioch. Thus, when Paul was sent with Barna- bas from Antioch on his first missionary journey, Cy- prus was the first scene of their labors (Acts xiii, 4-13). Again, when Paul and Barnabas separated and took different routes, the latter went to his native island, taking with him his relative Mark, who had also been there on the previous occasion (Acts xv, 39). Anoth- er Christian of Cyprus, Mnason, called * an old disci- ple,' and therefore probably an early convert, is men- tioned Acts xxi, 16. The other notices of the island are pnrely geographical. On Paul's retum fh)m the third missionary journey, they * sighted' Cyprus, and sailed to the southward of it on the voyage from Pa- tara to Tyre (ib. 8). At the commencement of the voyage to Rome tliey sailed to the northward of it on leaving Sidon, in order to be under the lee of the land (Acts xxvii, 4), and also in order to obtain the advan-
CYPRUS
628
CYRENE
tage of the cinrent, which sets northerly along the coast of Phoenicia, and westerly with considerable force along Cilida" (Smith s. v.). See Shipwreck (of Paul).
All the ancient notices of (Cyprus are collected by Menrsius {Opera^ vol. ill, Flor. 1744). Comp. Cellarii Notit, ii, 266 sq. ; see also £ngel*s Kifprof (Berlin, 1848) and Ross's Beiten nach der Insel Cypem (Halle, 1852). Further accounts may be found in Mannert, GeograpMoj \l, u, 422-454. Modem descriptions are given by PocociLe, East, ii, 210-285 ; Wilson, Lands of Bible, ii, 174-197 ; Turner, Levant, ii, 40, 528 ; Mariti, Viag. in Cyper. (Flor. 1679) ; Unger and Kotschy, Die Intel Cypem (Wien, 1865).
CYPRUS, CHBiBTLAinTY uf. Blshops of Cyprus are for the first time mentioned in the 4th century. Soon Constantia became the seat of a metropolitan, who asserted and maintained his independence of all the patriarchs. At the beginning of the 5th century the patriarch John of AntCoch made an effort to have Cyprus incorporated with his patriarchal district, but the (Ecumenical Council of Ephesus (481), before which the newly-elected metropolitan Rheginus and two oth- er Cyprian bishops pleaded their right, decided in far vor of the independence of Cyprus. JSver since the churches of Cyprus have constituted an independent group of the orthodox Greek Church. — Wetzer und Welte, Kirchen-Lex, ii, 964 sq.
Cyran, St. See Duyeboieb db Haubanks.
Cyre'nd (Kvpfivri ; Gkreima, in modem Arabic), a city in Upper Libya, founded by a colony of Greeks from Thera (Santorini), a small island in the ^gsan Sea (ThirlwalVs HtMiory rf Grtece, vol. ii, ch. 12). Its name is generally supposed to be derived from a foun- tain (but according to Justin, Hitt. xiii, a mountain), called KvjO^, Cyre, near its site. It was built on a ta- ble-land, 1800 feet above the level of the- sea, in a re- gion of extraordinary fertility and beauty. It was the capital of a district, called from it Cyrencdca (Barca), which extended from the Gulf of Platsa (Bcmba) to the Great Syrtis CGulf of Sidra). With its port Apol- Ionia (Musa Soosa), about ten mUee distant, and the cities Barca, Teuchira, and Hesperis, which at a later period were named Ftolemais, Arsinofi, and Berenice (Strabo, xvii ; vol. iii, p. 496, ed. Tauchn.), it formed the C3rrenaic Pentapolis (Mel. i, 4, 8;- Pliny, v, 5; Ptolem. iv, 4, 11 ; Amm. Maroell. xxii, 16). It is ob- servable that the expression used in Acts ii, 10, "the parts of Libjra about (card) Cj-rene," exactly corre- sponds with a phrase used by Dion Cassins {Aifivtj 17 mpi KvpffvtiVf liii, 12), and idso with the language of Josephus (r/ vpbc JLvprjvtiv AiPtnj; Ank xvi, 6, 1). See Libya. Its inhabitants were very luxurious and refined, and it was, in a manner, a commercial rival of Carthage (Forbiger, Handb. der alt. Geogr, ii, 880 sq. ; Bitter, Erdk. i, 946 sq.). The Greek colonization of this part of Africa under Battus began as early as B.C. 681, and it became celebrated not only for its com- merce, but for its physicians, philosophers, and poets (Herod, iv, 155, 164). It would seem that the old Hel- lenic colonists cultivated friendly relations with the native Libyans, and to a much grater extent than usual became intermingled with them by marriage re- lationships (Herod, iv, 186-189). For above 180 years the form of government was monarchical ; it then be- came republican, and at last the country became trib- utary to Egypt, under Ptolemy Soter. It was be- queathed to the Romans by Apion, the natural son of Ptolemy Physcon, about B.C. 97 (Tacitus, Ann, xiv, 18 ; Cicero, De leg, Agrar. ii, 19), and in B.C. 76 form- ed into a province (Strabo, xvii, 8). On the conquest of Crete (B.C. 67) the two were united in 'one province, and together frequently called Creta-Cyrene. See Cbete. An insurrection in the reign of Trajan led :to great disasters, and to the beginning of its decay. In the 4th century it was destroyed by the natives of