Cyria (Kwpia, "lady," 2 John, ver. 1, 6), a Gf«* term signifying mittreta, and used as an hononuj titk of address to a female (so Epict. EncA. 40), as in Eaf* Ush. But in 2 John it appears to be the proper nace of the distinguished female to whom John directed hi epistle (see Alford, Gr. Tett. vol. v, proleg. p. 185 fq.). That Cgria was often a proper name of females among the Greeks there is no doubt (Grateri Imter^ f, 1127). Others regard the associated term id^crq ("elect**) as a proper name, q. d. Electa (q. yr.% and the word in question as a common title. See Johs, Epistles of.
CYRIACUS
683
GTRIL
Cyrlllciis, said to have been pope, and, according Somiflh tradition, to have, for the sake of St Ursula id her 11,000 auddens, forsaken the papal see to snf- r martyrdom with them at Cologne (Aug. 8th). His :istence is probably as mythical and flctitions as that the 11,000 virgins. The church and college of St. priac (Ibrmerly St Dionysii), at Neuhausen, near 'orms, claims to have possessed his relics since the iginning of the 9th century.
Cyriacns, patriarch of Constantinople at the end 'the 6th century, and successor of John Jejunator af- r 595, took, like his predecessor, the title of IwlaKo- oc oiKovfuvucSif which he caused to be confirmed by council. The Romish bishop, Gregoiy the Great, op- Med him at first without success, but by giving his tpport to the usurper Phocas he finally gained his id, and Cyriacus had to renounce his title. He is iid to have died of grief in 606. — ^Herzog, RecU-Efuy- Copodie, iii, 221.
Cyril (St.) (KvptXXoc), qfAlexcmdria, was bom in iezandria toinffds the end of the 4th century, and 'as educated under his uncle Theophilus, bishop of Utt place. Theophilus died in 412, and Cyril was lected patriarch of Alexandria. One of his first steps, ocording to Socrates, was to plunder and shut up the burchet of the Novatians (Socr. Hist, Ecd. vii, 7). Is led on a ftirious mob, which drove out the Jews, rho had enjoyed many privileges in the city for ages, liis proceeding excited the anger of Orestes, the gov- mor of the dty, and made him henceforth the impla- able opponent of the bishop. An attack was misde Qthe governor in his chariot by a band of 500 monks; ud one who severely wounded him having suflfered bath on the rack, Cyril, in his chureh, pronounced a ology over his body as that of a martyr (Socrates, . vii, c. 14). He is also charged with the murder of f ypatia, the celebrated daughter of the mathematician rheon ; but his share in this atrocity was only indi- ect. See Htpatia. The titles of Doctor of the In- emotion and Ckampiom of ike Virgin have been given o Cyril on account of his violent dispute with Nesto- ius. ^* The condemnation and deposition of Nestorius itvbg been decreed by Pope Celestine, Cyril was ap- lointed to execute the sentence, for which be presided It a council of sixty bishops at Ephesus. John, patri- irch of Antioch, having a few days afterwards held a Mnincil of forty-one bishops, who supported Nestorius md excommunicated C3nril, the two parties appealed o the emperor Theodosius, who forthwith committed wth Cyril and Nestorius to prison, where they remain- id for some time under rigorous treatment Cyril, by iie influence of Celestine, was at length liberated and "sstored (481) to the see of Alexandria, which he retain- ed Quta his death, which occurred in 444'* (EnffL Cy ^ s. v.). See Nestobius. Cyril*s doctrinal writ- Dgs are chiefly on topics connected with the contro- rersies on the Trinity. The following are some of the xincipal treatises : TkuoMnu on ihs Trimttfj intended IS a complete refutation of Arianism. In Dialogueg on ^ JnemjHStioi^ in Five Books against Nestorius^ and in in ample Commentary on 8U John's Gospel, the same nib}ect is continued. Ten books against Julian con- tain repUes to that emperor's three books against the Qospels, which, if Cyril's quotations are fiiithftil, were IS weak and absurd as the answers. Seventeen books On Worship in Spirit and Truth show that all the Ho- laical institutions were an allegory of the Gospel ; ** a proof," sajTs Dr. Adam Clarice, *'how Scripture may be tortured to say anting." Thirteen books on the P^iateueh and the Prophets are written with a simi- Isr view. Thirty paschal HomiKes announce, as cus- tomary at Alexandria, the time of Easter. Sixty-one epistles nearly all relate to the Nestorian controversy. C!yril's Sjfnodieal Letter contains twelve solemn curses ^laittst Nestorius, who as solemnly replied with twelve cones against Cyril. His writings abound in tuigid
praisee of Mary, though he did not hold her to be witb* out sin. " The history of none among the Christian fkthers is more disgraceM to the Christian character than that of St Cyril of Alexandria — a man immoder- ately ambitious, violent, and headstrong ; a breeder of disturbances; haughty,' imperious, and as unfit for a bishop as a violent, bigoted, unskilfhl theologian could possibly be — but resolved that if the meek inherit the earth, the violent should have possession of the sees" (Clarke, Succession of Sacred Literature^ ii, 137). " But the fiftults of his personal character should not blind us to the merits of Cyril as a theologian. He was a man of vigorous and acute mind, and extensive learn- ing, and is clearly to be reckoned among the most im- portant dogmatic and polemic divines of the Greek Church. Of his contemporaries Theodoret alone was his superior. He was the last considerable represent- ative of the Alexandrian theology and the Alexan- drian Chureh, which, however, was already beginning to degenerate and stiflFiBn ; and thus he offsets Theodo- ret, who is the most learned representative of the An- tiochian schooL He aimed to be the same to the doo> trine of the incarnation and the person of Christ that his purer and greater predecessor in tiie see of Alex- andria had been to the doctrine of the Trinity a cen- tury before. But he overstrained the supranatnralism and mysticism of the Alexandrian theology, and in his zeal for the reality pf the incarnation and the unity of ihe person of Christ he went to the brink of the Monophysite error, even sustaining himself by the words of Athanasius, though not by his spirit, because the Nicene age had not yet fixed beyond all inter- change the theological distinction between ovaia and inrdoraaie" (Schaff, Church History, § 171). The best edition of the Opau Omnia of Cyril, in Greek and Latin (Paris, 1688), is that of Aubert (7 vols. fol.). This edition is fdlowed by Higne, in his Patrvl. Cursus Ccmpletus (Ixviii-lxxvii). His Comm, in Luca Evan- geUum was re-edited in Latin by R. P. Smith (Oxford, 1858) ; and in an English version, by the same, with notes (Oxf. 1859). See Clarice, Succession Sac. Lit. ii, 187 ; Cave, Hist. Lit. Anno 412 ; Tillemont, Mimoires^ xiv, 272 ; Butler, Lives of Saints^ Jan. 28 ; Neander, Church History, ii, 458-498; Lardner, Works, vol. iv; Domer, Person of Christ (Edinb. trans.), div. i, vol. iL