TIVAL.
The Jews are suppofed, like the modem lib, t have adopted from an early period minite ipJ» tions of the parts of the natural day (s« Jmf.k Lit, Jan. 1862, p. 471). Ron^y, indeed, tber « content to divide it into " morning, evening, isiii* day" (Psa. Iv, 17); but when they wished fcf par accuracy they pointed to six unequal parts, od which was again subdivided. These sre held to ii^ been:
(I.) Ne'sheph, 5)03 (from ftB3, to blow), vA id ar^ ^niD, or the dawn. After their acqoaintiBce »a Persia they divided this into (a) the time »1« a* eastern and (5) when the western horisoa w 2* minated, like the Greek Lencothea— MststS'^ Aurora; or "the gray dawn" (Miltoo) sod tfeJ"? dawn. Henoe we find the data/ Shahsnim aia?f er name (1 Chron. viii, 8). The writen of tibe J«ii Tabnnd divide the dawn into/wr parts, ofwte4&' was, 1. Aifeleth hashachar (q. v.), "the gsidkrf* morning," a name by which the AralHUS csIlAeo (oomp. " eyelids of the dawn," Job iii, 9; afum^ if>apov, Soph. AnHg, 109). This was the tine i^ Christ arose (Mark xvi, 2 ; John xx, 1 ; Rer. ml^ Tf iirt^btoKovm), Matt, xxviu, 1). The other tfcw ^ visions of the dawn were, 2. ** when one m ^ guish blue from white" (^pt4, <ncoriac in m^^*^ XX, 1; "obscurum adhuc coepts lucis," Tsrit Aff. 2). At this time they began to recite the phyl»««» a When the east began to grow light (o^P^ Luke xxiv, 1). 4. Twilight (X/oj/ irpJt, ivam^^K rov rjXioVy Mark xvi, 2 ; Ughtfoot, Har. BAr.iim See Dawk.
(II.) Bo'ifeer, ^ga, jwirwe. Somesnppoac***'*' Jews, like other Oriental nations, connneBCcd *» civil day at this time untfl the Exodus (Jam^* JetDtsh Ant.), See Morni:«6.
(111.-) Cham hag-Yhi\ti\>ri DH," best of the ^~ (Sept. V«c SuBtpiiavBri tf iifiipa, 1 S«n. 4^* ^ exactly elsewhere fuafffifipui), about 9 o'dock m forenoon.
(IV.) T^hara'yim, tJ^-nrrS, "the two noooi"{6* xliii, 16 ; Dent, xxviii, 29)? ' See Koo5.
(V.) Ru'ach h(^T6m', D^l^n nn «tbeoool(»*
wind) of the day," before sunset (Gen. m,
r\:»a^
ed by the Persians to this day (Chsrdin, r(f.i^'* Jahn, Bibl. ^ rcA. § 29). See Aftkbsooji.
(VI.) I/reb, S"n|, '"evening," The pto»« '^ tween the two evenings" (Exod. xvi, J^v^Lj being the time marked for slaying the P^^^jj^ and offering the evening sacrifice (Exod. ^ "^^. 89), led to a dispute between the KaniW «°r^ tans on the one hand, and the Pharisees * 7*, ^^ The former took it to mean between 8W»**^jjy darkness (Deut. xvi, 6) ; the Rabbinists •'^^^ the time between the be^nning (itiSn ^P*^
DAY
703
DAY
ling'O «^d end of sunset (3. i^na), or real stm-
Josephns, Wetr, yi, 9, 8 ; Gesenios, s. t. ; Jahn,
. u^rchaoL § 101; Bochart, BieroM. i, 658). See
P'll.) Chaiaoty, nixn (from irm, "to divide**), liffht. In later Hebrew also mid-day (Mishna, »oA, i-v, 1, 5, 6). See MiDinoHT. ince the Sabbath was reckoned from snnset to snn- ^Le-v. xxiiiy 82), the Sabbatarian Pharisees, in that it of scTuptilous superstition which so often called h tbe rebukes of our Lord, were led to settle the mi- 'st rales for distinguishing the actual instcmt when Sa-bbath began iiyl^ia. Matt, viii, 16= ore tdv 6 ifXi- Mark i, 82). They therefore called it the time be- en tbe actual snnset and the appearance of three -8 ^M^aimon. in Shabb. c. 5 ; comp Neh. iv, 21, 22) ; L tbe Talmudists decided that *4f on the evening he Sabbath a man did any work after one star had reared, he was forgiven ; if after the appearance 'tco^ be must offer a sacrifice for a donbtfdl trans- ssion ; if after three stars were visible, he must offer in-offering;" the order being revened for works le on the evening after the actual Sabbath (light- t. Hot. ffebr. ad Matt, viii, 16 ; Otho, Lex, Bab. s. ▼. t>batbum). See Sdmset.
Before the Captivity the Jews divided the night o tbree watches (Psa. Ixili, 6 ; xc. 4), viz. the first tch, lasting till midnight (Lam. ii, 19, A. Y. " the ginning of the watches") =apx^ wicroc; the ^^mtd- t 'watch" (which proves the statement), lasting till sk-crow (Jndg. vii, 19) = fikaov wktwv; and the jming watch, lasting till sunrise (Ezod. xiv, 24)= (^cAvacti vvK (Homer, //. vii, 488). These divisions )re probably connected with the Levitical duties in e Temple service. The Jews, however, say (in spite their own definition, **a watch is the third part of e night* ^ that they always haA/our night-watches omp. Neh. ix, 8), but that the fourth was counted* as part of the morning (Buxtorf *s Lex, Tabn. col. 2454 ; arpEov, Appar, CrU, p. 847 ; Reland, Antiq, pt. iv, § 0- See Watch.
In the N. T. we have allusions to fonr watches, a vision borrowed from the Greeks (Herod, ix, 61) ad Romans ((puXaini' rb rkraprov nkpoQ r^c wktSq, uid.). These were, 1. 6^i, b^ia, at brj/ia wpa, from irilight till 9 o'clock (Mark xi, 11; John xx, 19); . fitaovvKTtov, midnight, from 9 till 12 o'clock (Mark iii, 35); 8. ^Xiicropo^tttvia, till 3 in the morning Mark xiii, 85 ; 8 Mace, v, 23) ; 4. irpwt, till daybreak, he same as nptata (fipa) (John xviii, 28 ; Josephus, In/. V, 6, 5 ; xviii, 9, 6). See Nioht.