Dead (properly some form of T\VQ, ^vrjeKw). See BuRiAi^. When a Hebrew died in any house or tent,^ all the persons and furniture in it contracted a pollu- tion which continued seven days (Num. xix, 14-16). All who touched the body of one who died, or was killed in the open fields ; all who touched men's bones, or a grave, were unclean seven days. To cleanse this pollurion, they took the ashes of the red heifor, sacri- ficed by the high-priest on the day of solemn expia- tion (Num. xix, 1-22) ; on these they poured water in a vessel, and a person who was clean dipped a bunch of hyssop in the water, and sprinkled with it the fur- niture, the chamber, and the persons, on the third day and on the seventh day. It was required that the pol- luted person should previously bathe his whole body, and wash his clothes, after which he was clean. Since the destruction of the Temple, the Jews have ceased generally to consider themselves as polluted by a dead body. See Corpse. On the play upon the two senses of the word in its literal and spiritual application in Matt. V, 22, see the DistertcUio of Schicht (Altd. 1770). See Death.
The word rendered *' dead" in Job xxvi, 5 ; Psa. Ixxxviii, 10; Prov. ii, 18; ix, 18; xxi, 16; Isa. xiv, 9 ; xxvi, 14, 19, is fi^KD^I, rephain/ ; derived from KB'n ; having, according to Gesenius, the sense of d- lent, but, according to Fflrst, meaning darkf in either case denoting the shades, manes, or disembodied spirits of the under world. See Shbol.
DEAD, Baptism pob. See Baptism fob the Dead. Dead Sea (rnare mortuum, Justin, xzzvi, 8, 6;
DEAD SEA
710
DEAD
^dXiWfra ^ vcKpa, Pansaii. ▼, 7, 8 ; Galen. Sin^, Med, ir, 20), a name applied since the second century to the AtpkciUie Lake (i) 'Ao^oXrinc Xi/ivi;, as Josephns, Di- odoms Sicnlus, and Ptolemy, v, 16, 8, call it ; or sim- ply ri 'AafcikriTtCt Wcar^ iv, 8, 2 ; more distinctly Xlfivti dff^Twpopoif AnL xvii, 6, 5 ; Pliny's AgpkalUtes la- cuty or simply Asphaliite$)f from its supposed noxious properties. In the Bible it is called the Salt Ska (nban o;;", Gen. xir, 8; Nmn. xxxiv, 12, etc.), the Sea of the Plain, or Arabah (Hn'n^n D^, Dent, iii, 17 ; ir, 49, etc.), or (Ae/Voirt (Eastern) ^eaOpiongn fijn, £zek. xlvii, 18 ; comp. ver. 8 ; Joel ii, 20 ; Zech. xiv, 8). By the Arabs it is termed Bahr Lut, " the Sea of Lot" (Abttlfeda, Tab. S^, p. 156). It is the remarli- able lake or internal sea formed by the filling up of the old basin of the Yale of Siddim (Gen. xiv, 8), on the south-east border of Palestine (Num. xxxiv, 8, 12 ; Dent, iii, 17 ; comp. Josh, xii, 8), especially in the same quarter of the tribe of Judah (Josh, xv, 2, 5) into which the Jordan empties (Josh, iii, 16), 800 stadia flrom Jeru- salem (Joseph. AfU. XV, 6, 2). Joeephus ( WoTj iv, 8, 4) gives its length as 680 stadia, or 10 to 11 miles ; its breadth as 150 stadia, or 2 to 8 miles ; and its circum- ference as 6 days' Journey (see Setzeen in Zach's Mo-
natLCarretp, xviii, 440; the estimates of P^ i| and Diod. Sic. xix, 98, are erroDeous). U ii necked or sickle-form at the southern end,^! ninsula at the eastern side. See Bat. The tai west shores are steep with naked limestoBc yi OKDi], but the southern shore ends in a msrk the southp-west is a range of salt hills;, andoa tkm east a considerable plain. See Salt, Yaubt The water, which lies far below the level of tk| iterranean, is clear, but uncommonly salt and t and of great density (Joseph. War, ir,B,4; M J in Canisii Lection, Aniiq, ii, 1 ; Pliny, ▼, 15> tt tains no living creature, neither fish, rii^Is, b4 plants, and when fishes from the Jordan gd i they die and float upon the snrfiaoe (Diod. Sl xix, 98 ; Jerome on Ezdc xlvii, 9 ; Ck^toricAkp^ The shore is covered with a dark oflenave mad,! which a strong saline incnutation forms, and iii sioually interspersed with lamps of httoniai, ^ off from the difib or disgorged from the boCten (r hardt, ii, 664). A pretty thick fog has beea «(si especially in the morning, by travellers (Shtv, pk Yolney, i, 240), as enveloping the lake (eooip. X, 7 ; Philo, Opp, xxi, 143) ; but, situated as k t^ deep caldron-like spot, the air Is omally exeeesi sultry, and so filled with saline efflnvia as to kd vegetation (Philo, Opp, ii, 21) ; and altiioagb il \»i so detrimental to animal life (Tacit. HiBt, v, Q ad sometimes been represented (BfanndreU, p. 116). ill emn stillness reigns around, unbroken liy wild, vfl or animated cry. The marks of Tolcank agSKtl strewn about (Felsecker, Ptda^L n^ 853), wlDEk.jl the warm springs on the shore [see CAixiSBW«^.il asphaltic vapors and floating substances (Sbabe i^' 764), give evidence of the plutonic catastrophe (cos Gen. xiv, 10) which covered the snOty cities gftt plain (Gen. xix); and it is populariy believed iM these ruins may still be discerned beneath iti «sa (Joseph. War, iv, 8, 4), though now snnk bdow thf former level (Reland, PalaM. p. 254 sq.> 8e0 » DIM. It was anciently believed that tiie 'maa» volume of water poured in by the Jordan fMsd > outlet by subterranean canals into the Medilonieii (Diod. Sic. xix, 98) ; but it is now ascertahied tbs ^ \b impossible, and that evaporation is suffident id r oonnt for the maintenance of the osnal be^ a » lake (Bachiene, I, i, 121). See genersHy Fsin,i>c^ gat. ii, 155 sq.; Oedmann, SammL iii, 125; BMuk^ i, 447 ; BUsching, Erdbe$chr, Y, i, 822 sq. ; Wihser, I' Mali AsphaU, ^elmst. 1712) ; Michadis in bis Cb» tneni, 1758-62 oWttf . (Brem. 1774), p. 61 sq. ; MoKft Gtogr, YI, i, 832; Bitter, Erdtmde^ xvi, « "^ Schwarz, Palett. p. 41 ; Thomson, Land agd Bo^^ 449 ; KeUy's Syria, p. 898 ; J. Kempe, De iadAMen Mortui (Holm. 1751).— Wmer, 0, 78. See Ska