Deuk, JoHANN, an Anabaptist of the 16th century. Nothing is known of his early years. In 1621 he was in Basle, and in 1528 at Numberg, as rector of the school of St. Sebaldus. He rejected infant baptism, and promulgated anti - trinitarian ideas. He was brought before the council of NOmberg, and, being unable to defend himself, was expelled from the city for life. We next find him in Augsburg in the year 1526, where he wrote and edited his book vom Cesetze Gottes. In 1526 he came to Strasburg, where he seems first to have become acquainted with Louis Hetzer (q. v.). Then: connection resulted in the publication of an edition of the Old Testament prophets. It was published in 1627 at Worms, and Luther speaks favor- ably of the translation as such. Denk's theological errors soon became known, and he was cited to a pub- lic disputation by the clergy of Strasburg. Bucer was his principal opponent, and based his charge, that Denk's teaching made sin a mere empty sound, upon the book rcwn Gesefze Gottes, Denk was defeated and driven from the city. After a few months spent in travelling, during which he ventured to revisit NUm- berg, he went to Basle, where he died of the plague in November, 1627. In his doctrines he was Anabaptist and anti-triniterian, and the following dogmas were peculiar to him. He taught an internal word which, as the power of the Highest, produces knowledge and love in man ; that salvation is not connected with the Holy Scriptures; the law, under which he compre- hends the entire Scriptures, is opposed to the spirit; the sacraments are of a subordinate and superfluous character to believers ; the wicked are finally to be saved, etc. Ranke {Rpformatiori, iii, 559, cited by Hardwick, Ch. Hist, ii, ch. v) gives' the following state- ment of Denk's views : " The basis of his doctrine is, that God is love, which, he said, flesh and blood could never have understood had it not been embodied in certain human beings, who might be called divine men, or the children of God. But in one of them love was supremely exemplified — in Jesus of Nazareth. He had never stumbled in the path marked out by God ; he had never lost his unity with God ; he was a Sav- iour of his people, for he was the forerunner of all those who should be saved. This was the meaning of the words that all should be saved by Christ." His followers were called Dctmoniaci^ because they named seven evil spirits to their candidates for baptism, which they were supposed to possess, and which must be given up, while seven good spirits were to be received in their stead.— Herzog, EeaUEnej/klopddie, xix, 403; Trechsel, Protest. Antitrinitarier, i, 17 sq. ; Thtol Stud, u. Kritiken, 1851, p. 121, 412.
Denmark, a kingdom in Europe, with an area of 14,553 square miles, and in 1860 (according to the cen-
DENMARK
V46
DEXSUHK
gvs) 1,009^095 inhsiliitaDts in Denm^k proper, and ' 13^,0:^ iu itft de|HMid^^noie!t, I
L ChujrA Histiirjf. ^- Wilk^brord m saiil to hAW t)««n the Jir^t CliriAtiuti oiksionary in DenLuark (8di cantur)'), Ijut ho wa* not aljle to tj<tjiUlifj.h any p^ermji^ nent mif^inn- Charlemagne e?ct£nile:d the urniary of Chrbti&niEj lo the Cnintiijr of Dftnrniirk, mid b\m Bon, the empturoT Lnuid, fi^rnt archbishop Eildci df liheims AM hb ualwKSAdor to kin^ [tarold Kink, 'whu hud re- qiiwted hb aid. Edi!o festal dished & ndiisiciniiT}* r-thool in IJai^tfdn. King IJnroidT wfaw hjid beflu deprived of hi» tbrtmc, was t^uptii^ed in 8'i{i, with Ids fiinutv and TOAtiy of tm comitrvTneti, and noon ift*r A(»*gBr (q. V,) wiM |)liic(>il lit the beitd of tho Dwnijih inb«ion. Thmugh hift latKii^ Chrlsti-inity gjot a iirai fcnirinir, but bort «itiil to stmjj-dc for about 15<> rt^Ara with pa^rnn- tetn, unltl Citdaw tho Grpjit (1010-^), ct>mi>lytpd the Chtis lb nizAtion of the ^nt trt) f^fmtiirj. The last fitjrong- hold of iJiii4:-mi'^ni^ the ishmd of n^mholm, vni& ton- TQtUid nlsoTit 100(^ The bLiihoi>ricB which wc^re c^'tuliN'
lifihed in D^msrk i«-erc ^b<jrdinsl»ti»lfa»cdl of Brenif^D until the II th cAoltit?^, «be* tai* ^(Hseopul »&e wa« e^JtbUflitd fisr the uni «1| The lir^t bUbnp;!' appointed in Dennuskvot^ meu, and English intlyente prevailed 98i] %| e^tun-, when Denmark ailiaL b«fMlf ttwcil Ffance. In thfi fuUowitK «ti^ttil%" Fliiiclq w as B upphiDiAd by German. Von ™ii «i(tf i mtaniiin, but thii ciLforcinjf of £»Mh»ct cm% tatitv trouble in D^nnuurk than In anj rtl^t I'ntil the 12th Mutury th« clecgjizKii Trw*f miuried. In 1222 a papal le^l« emmn to^ tjUTj' throni^h the ititnxluetiiim of eelilMT. butJdPed priest* iheri iipp«^l^.d from th» p<ft»^ fTul entLneHf hut n national! Fyui>l aided & iOKH^ioinpHi^lmig bis purpose, V>n the wbolfi, wus bot little affected by the ^tT^t e«d«»ii^ menta of the Middle Agi3i. The |>H|tnstiBQii nlmwt unknown. Frofie&lant nuB^Cen Mttl to DcfnmoTk as early a^ 1^20, (mt tb« taAip^ll
DENMARK
-urealtli citde almost independent of the king, op- l tlie Keformation. King Frederick I declared elf in 1526 in favor of Protestantism, yet the Diet lensee, in 1627, only gave to the Lutherans equal s -writli the Roman Catholics. The Lutheran 'db. obtained a complete victory under Christian vrho in 1586 deposed the hostile bishops, and call- agenlia^en (q. v.) to Denmark to reorganize the ish Oburch on an evangelical basis. Not long , the Trhole country joined the Lutheran Church, 'or more than a hundred years the exercise of any r reli^on was forbidden. The Danish Church did >roduce any symbolical books of its own, but adopt- le Confession of Augsburg of 1580, and the smaller tchism of Luther, wliich, with the three confes- » of £aith of the ancient Church, are regarded as »ymbolical books of the Danish Church. The sub- tent development of the Danish Church was a re- ion of that of Germany, including also the Ration- n of the 18th century. Tet in that very century imark was a model for all Europe^by its zeal for ign missions. See Eoede. A powerftil reaction iost the predominance otRaiUmaUsm commenced in 6, under Dr. Grundtvig and Dr. Rudelbach. Some rs after Grundtvig became the leader of a Lou}- arch evan^lical party, and Rudelbach of the J^fyA- trch Lntheran party. The strife between these two ties still divides the Church. The party headed Grandtvij^ inclines towards Congregational princi- 8, and has intimat^ that they may be induced to larate altogether from a connection with the state, ly a ver^" limited toleration was granted to mem- rs of dissenting denominations in Denmark until 18. In a few cities only (Copenhagen, Fridericia, ndsburg, Gluckstadt, Altona) equal rights were anted to dissenters ; but all restrictive laws were re- aled in 18i8 for Denmark proper, and the number dissenters has since considerably increased. In 59, Denmark was visited for the first time since the th century by a Roman bishop, who met, on the part the king, with a friendly reception. According to e new Constitution of 1866, the Lutheran Church is e state church, and the king must belong to it ; but herwise there is an absolute liberty for all religious cts.