DeroSto. See Atargatis.
Derek. See Talmud.
Deraser, THADD^im Aittoh, a Sran C^ divine, was bom March IL, 1757, at Fcfai, h h^ nia. He studied theology at Hddelberg,«^ began his academical career a» lectorer. Ii ri became professor of Oriental literstoie at im in 1791, episcopal vicar and professor of tksifad Strasburg; in 1796, professor at Heidelbag; aj professor of dogmatic theology at Frabv]^: 1815, professor of dogmatics and intarpnu^ Breslau, in which post he remahwd imtfl b June 16, 1827. Dereser was a very libenl ibtti^ for a Romanist, and his life was not fVee fioan ances in consequence of his freedom si ipedi writing. Besides some devotional books, te M bor was a continuation of the Bibd-WfrkuliKi of which Dereser did the most of the 0. T. (tonl and exegesis), Frankfort^ 1797-1888.--AicU)Ki^ chen-Le^kon, ii, 816.
Derham, William, a philosopher and frin bom at Stoughton, near Worcester, in l&i: vK cated at Trinity College, Oxford; in 1685, o^fl the livings of Wargrave and Upminster; isi the accession of George I, was made king^i cbi] and a canon of Windsor in 1716. In 17^ he w the degree of D.D. He died in 1735. Hsihrn] cipal works are, Phyaco-Theology, the Bovk kd for 1711-12 (best ed. Lond. 1798, 2 vols, filro): J Theology (London, 1719, 8vo) ; and C*nifo-IW^ demonstration of the Divine authority of Uk (Vl religion (Lond. 1780, 8vo). Of these, the fot dj strates " the being and attributes of God ^4 works of creation ;" the second "fW»m a CTrrrr heavens." — Kippis, Biographia BriUamea,\Mi
Dering, Edward, a Puritan divine, bon is l^ was chosen fellow of Christ's College, Csnlf-i''. 1568. In 1571 he secured a prebend m Ssliabsn- ^ obtained high reputation both as a preackr c- scholar, and used his abilities and infla^Ke to ^ purpose against the High-Church and Booanis^'/ ty. In 1578 the privy council forbade his (fo-^ and in 1576 he died. The substance of liis rmv may be found in his Works^ more at large, tkn^^ fore printed (Lond, 1614, 4to).— Str3rpc, Arntit:'^' Hist, of Puritans, i,2WL, 230; Uoo}L,£eeles,&ef9k iv,423.
Derodon, David, a Protestant Frendi tWwo and philosopher, was bom at Die, in tiie Ua^ about 1600. He opposed the Caite«iaaphikiOf*T'^ was one of the ablest dialecticians of his tint. E wrote a considerable number of works agsinrttfe*" trines of the Roman Catholic Church, which hiding circulation, and were translated into sereial ^ languages. Among them were Quatre Bamuf^ lesquelles on doit quitter laR.P.JL (Vans, IW^ : ^ tre Raisons qui traitent de VeHcharistiB, i ^■'^^ du pkhi originel et de la pr^destimatim (!€©)> »^ '^' Tombeau de la Messe (Geneva, 1654 ; EoirUA tms*- tion, London, 1678). The latter book was « )U« 6, 1668, burned by the public execntfooer, the w*' exiled, and the bookseller sentenced to s fiM dl** livres, the loss of his Hcense, and ten jesrs <i* Derodon went to Geneva, where he died in WW. °^ is also the author of several works oe phaaofb* subjects, and against the atheists. His oonpktc «H' were collected into two volumes, and puWi^ ^■ after his death (Derodoma Opera OmAa, G«nfT«, 1^ and 1669, 2 vols. ; the first volnme contains tfce?*»- sophical, and the second the theological wxitiM»^' Hoefer, &ogr, Giner, xiii, 716.
Beror. See Swallow.
De Roui See Rossi, Db.
Dervishes, Mohammedan monks, ^'""^'^'^ in many respects to the monks of the Boosn 0<^ These may be divided into two classes: tliose vbe)-^ long to firatemitiQS or societies for religioai exso^
DERVISHES
751
DERVISHES
se tenets and oaths are kept so secret that the nn- ated can only describe their outward appearance tlie ceremonies which are practiced in public ; and e recluses who, witfiout belonging to any special f profess holiness and abstinence, and wander soli- [y through the land. The word dervish is Persian, ifyin^ poor, corresponding to the Arabic fakir , ch gives name to the same order in Arabia and ia. Orienftil tradition traces the order of Hermits c to John the Baptist, and even to Seth. Two :uries before Mohammed, there existed in Arabia
Meschaiouns (Walkers) and the Ischrachiouns ntemplatives). These, under the influence of Mo- imedanism, merged into Mutekelim (metaphysi- 13^ and Sufis, who were essentially pantheists. In
second century of the Hegira (729), sheik Olivan, iifi, established the first religious order in Islam, 'vishism doubtless took its proximate rise in Per- 1 Sufism.
!'he Turkish dervishes claim caliph Ali, one of the nediate successors of Mohammed, as their founder.
himself founded no order ; but some of his follow-
formed a society called Safashafei, men devoted a monastic life. They soon fell into excesses, in- ging in the use of drugs (chiefly hashish), intoxi- Ing liquors, and, in fact, anything which would mote trances, ecstasies, and hallucinations, result- ; in violent paroxysms and delirium. They formed ! practice of cutting themselves, mutilating their ibe, standing for a long time in agonizing positions, 1 otherwise barbarously abusing their bodies. They, wever, managed to reconcile with this external and blic self-abuse an almost universal private sensual- . The members of this order were subsequently led dervishes, but at what time the word dervish is first used is not definitely known. There are in irkey thirty-two orders of dervishes, having various mes, and difiering in their worship and practice, itside of Turkey there are many more orders, called the different countries by the local names Fakirs, tfis, Santons, etc. The chiefs of the different orders ft called sheiksy or jwr#, who are privileged to nomi- .te their successors. The dervishes mostly dwell in mmunity, and have monasteries (tekiehs) in vari- s places. Their rules are not very rigid. The dec- ration of Mohammed, *^No monackism in Islam,'''' had icome a strong religious prejudice, and this prejudice ey have never been able fully to overcome. Celi- icy is not enjoined, though encouraged, and many of lem are married. These, however, are not regular embers of the monasteries, although they are required • pass the night there previous to any public exhibi- on. They may withdraw firom the order at any time, id are often expelled for misdemeanors.