Ancient Diadems.
1. EgyptUn (Wilkinson's Ane. Egypt.) ; 2. Of Sardanapalns
ITT (AHsyriRn Sculptures, Brit. Mu?eum); 8. Pen«epolitan
(Sir R. K. Porters TrareU)\ 4. Parthian (Cohi of one of the
ArsacidfB) ; 5. Jewelled, of Constantine (Coin in Biii. Mas.).
DIADOCHUS
780
DIAL
8. V. Tiapa ; and Hesych.). Possibly the K^Sl^S of Dan. iii, 21 is a tiara (as in Sept., where, however, Dmsius and others invert the words Kai ridpaic Kai 7repucvi7/i((Ti), A, V. "hat." Some render it by tilnale or caUeamerUwn, Schlensner suggests that irp(^/3vXoc may be derived from it. The tiara generally had pen- dent flaps falling on the shoulders. (See Paschalius, de Coronay p. 578 ; Brissonius, de Regn. Pen, etc. ; Layard, il, S20 ; Scacchus, Myrothec. iii, 88 ; Fabricius, Bibl. Ant, xiv, 18). The words D-^bsQ^ ^Tj^'^^y " ex- ceeding in dyed attire upon their heads," in Ezek. xxiii, 15, mean long and flowing turbans of gorgeous colors (Sept irapafiavraf where a better reading is Ttdpai jSairrai), — Smith, s. v. See Cboww.
DIADEM. See Nimbus.
Diad5chu8, Marcus, a Greek theologian, who probably lived in the 4th century. Nothing is known of him except that he was the author of a small work against the Arians, entitled Tov fiaKopiov rov Aiado- Xov Kard 'ApetavOv \6yo^ (Beati Marci DiadocM Ser- mo contra Arianos)^ and published by J. K. Wetstein as an appendix to his edition of Origen's De Oraiione (Basel, 1694, 4to ; reprinted, with a new Latin transla- tion, in the Bibliotheca Patrum of Galland, vol. v). Some writers suppose that Diadochus was one of two ^eyptisLa bishops by the name of Mark who were banished by the Arians during the patriarchate of George of Cappadocia, restored during the reign of Julian, and mentioned in a letter of Athanasius to the Antiochians as being present at the synod held at Al- exandria in 862. According to the coi^ecture of Gal- land, Mark Diadochus was one of two bishops named Mark who were ordained priests by Alexander, the predecessor of Athanasiusj and exiled by the Arians ; the one to the great oasis (Upper Egypt), the other to the oasis of Ammon. It may be that tiiese two Marks were the same as the twd preceding ones. — ^Hoefer, Biographk Generale^ xiv, 21.
Dial (nib^p, maaloth^ ; the plur. of an ascent^ as it is sometimes rendered ; Sept. dvapa^fioi, YuXg. ko- roiogium), a method of measuring time employed by Ahaz (2 Kings xx, 11 ; Isa. xxxviii, 8). The word is the same as that rendered '* steps" in Exod. xx, 26; 1 Kings X, 19, and "degrees" in 2 Kings XX, 9, 10, 11 ; Isa. xxxviii, 8, where, to give a consistent rendering, we should read with the margin the '* degrees" rather than the " dial" of Ahaz. In the absence of any ma- terials for determining the shape and struc- ture of the solar instrument, which certain- ly appears intended, most interpreters fol- low the most strictly natural meaning of the words, and consider, with Cyril of Alex- andria and Jerome (^Comm. on Isa, xxxviii, 8), that the maahth were really stairs, and that the shadow (perhaps of some column or obelisk on the top) fell on a greater or ^ smaller number of them according as the "^^— -^^ sun was low or high. The terrace of a pal- ace might easily be thus ornamented. Dr. Adam Clarke, in his Commentary on 2 Khigs xx, 10, 11, however, gives some ingenious illustrations, ac- companied by a diagram, and others may be seen in Calmet's Dictionary^ s. v. See Degree.
The invention of the sun-dial belongs most prob- ably to the Babylonians. Herodotus affirms that the Greeks derived from them the pole (iro'Xoc, supposed to mean the dial-plate), the gnomon, and tlie division of day into twelve parts (ii, 109). Vitruvius also as- cribes the most ancient form of the dial, called hemi- cycle, to Berosus the Chaldiean (ix, 9), though he prob- ably means no more than that he introduced it into Greece, Certainly those Greeks to whom Vitruvius ascribes inventions or improvements in dialling can U be proved to have had communication, mo^e or less
remote, with the Chaldteans. The fint meat Scripture of the " hour" is made by Deiiiel, A Ion (ch. iii, 6), although it is possible that Pin. and cix, 23, may contain allusion to the fngRs a shadow as measuring diurnal time. The " used the dial before the Romans ; and with KfB< the Eg^iitians, " there are no indH»taons in the tures to prove the epoch when the dial was tetbiv' in Egypt" (Wilkinson, Anc Eg^pHaatB, in, Sfi^ j has been suggested that the D'^SSn, ^ iascya,'^ tfk xvii, 8 ; xxvii, 9 ; Ezek. vi, 4^ 6, rendered in thi gin "sun-images," were gnomons to nieassR (Jahn, Arckdol, I, i, 5S9), but there seems no aiq« ground for this theory. On the mode of icg^iai time among the Greeks and Romans, see Saufch'iHi^ of Class. Ant. s. v. Horologium. See Taos.
The circumstances connected with the dial dila (2 Kings XX, 11 ; Isa. xxxviii, 8), which is perhifi a earliest of which we have any clear mentioi^ e^ concur with the derivation of gnoinonics from tik M» ylonians. Ahaz had formed an alliance with T^£^ pQeser, king of Assyria (2 Kings xvi, 7, 9) ; he «* i man of taste, and was ready to adopt Ibreign JB^e^^ ments, as appears from his admiration of tiie akir i Damascus, and his introduction of a copy id kai Jerusalem (2 Kmgs xvi, 10). " The princes cf B^ Ion sent unto him to inquire of the wonder th£ «> done in the land" (2 Cbron. xxxii, 31). Hoee i* dial also, which was called after his name, wm pn^ bly an importation from Babylon. Different cczyr.- tures have been formed respecting the constrwt^ i this instrument. Grotius follows the Babhiu a ^ scribing it as " a concave hemisphere, with a ^»^ ii the midst, the shadow of which fell on the diStxz lines engraven in the concavity of the ben^^e^ these lines being twenty-eight in number." Mr. Tr- ior (in Calmet*s Diet,) discovered some represeatBtms of ancient dials, one of which was found at Hattt- neum, and was probably originally from Egypt, ^^i he conceives to answer, in many respects^ to 1^ e£> cumstances of the sacred narrative (see also £s=. Pict, Bible^ note on 2 Kings xx, 11). The ssL^mtti figures seem to apply to the description of the ^cf Berosus given by Vitruvius (ix, 9), " a half dreky-