Diokaon, David, an eminent Scotch dirioe, bom at Glasgow in 1583, and educated at the Uci^ sity of Edinburgh, in which he afterwards becase^^ lessor of Philosophy. Having been aRwrntedf^ ter of Irvine in 1618, he became a very popular pi«^ er. In 1648 he became professor of Diriaitj in ^
ICTATES OP POPE GREGORY 181
DICTIONARIES
[versify of Glasgow, and afterwards in that of £d- irgh. He was ejected at the Restoration in 1662, died the same year. He was considered one of ablest and most useful men of his time, and his ks continue to be esteemed, particolarlj his oom- itaiieSy which, though brief, have much point and densation. Dickson*s name will ever be remem- ed fco* his version of the hymn 0 Mother dear Jerw- m (see Htmnoloot). His principal works are, rrief ExpotiHom of the Gotpel according to Afatthew •nd. 1651, 12mo) ; A short Eac^pkmatum qfthe Epistle he Hebrews (Aber. 1685, sm. 8vo ; Lond. 1889, royal >) ; JSxposiHo analytica omnium apostoUcarwn episto- an (Glasgow, 1645, 4to; A hruf Exp&catum of the tbns (L.ond. 1655, 8 vols. 8vo; Glasg. 1884, 2 vols. do); Therapentica sacra (Edin. 1656, 8vo); Thera- aica sacra J translated by the Author (2d edit. Edinb. >7, 8vo) ; Truth's Victory over Error (Glasg. 1772, no). — ^Hetberington, Ch. ofScotlandj vol. i ; M'Crie, riches of CK Hist, i, 196 ; ii, 61. Dictates of Pope Gregory {Dictatus papte^ ctalus GregorU VI J ^ JHctcUus Hildebrandin*), a title ren to twenty-seven theses, in which Gregory VII Udebrand) is said to have set forth the grounds and nciples of the supremacy and power of the pope in ation to the Church and to secular governments. ley are contained in lib. ii of his letters, between the th and the 56th epistles, and also in Harduin, ConcU. n. vi, p. i, p. 1804 sq. ** Baronius, ann. 1076, no. 81, d Christ. Lupus, in Notts et Dissent,, consider these nuine ; the fVench writers, Jo. Lannoius, Epistol. lib. , ep. 13, Anton. Pagi, crit. in Baron. 1. c, and espe- lUy Natalis Alexander, Hist. Ecd. ssbc. xi et xii, dis- rt. iii, set thera down, not indeed as spurious, but as ally inconsistent with Gregory^s principles. The ore modern authorities, following Mosheim, suppose em to express Gregory's principles, though written T some one else. They seem to have been an Index ipitulomm of some synod held under Gregory's influ- ice'* (Gieseler, Ch. Hist. div. iii, § 47). The dictates leraselves are as follows : 1. The Roman Church was unded by the Lord alone. 2. The bishop of Rome only properly termed the universal bishop. 8. He only m appoint or depose a bishop. 4. The papal legate is the right to preside in all Church assemblies, even tough he is not the equal in rank of the bishops, and 3 may pronounce sentence of deposition upon them. The pope may deprive absent bishops also of their ink. 6. No person is permitted to occupy the same ouse with a person excommunicated by the pope. 7. he pope only is qualified to issue new laws whenever ircumstances demand it, to organize new congrega- ons, to change a cathedral into an abbey, to divide a ich see, or to contract several impoverished sees into ne. 8. He only has power to make use of the impe- ial insignia. 9. Princes must kiss the feet of the ope only. 10. Only his name is to be recited in the burches. 11. The name and title of pope apply to ne person only. 12. He is empowered to depose the mperor. 18. He may translate bbhops from one see 0 another. 14. He can ordain the clergymen of all burches. 15. A clergyman that has been ordained •y him may serve with other churches, but no other >ishop has the right to appoint him to a superior posi- ion. 16. The pope only has power to pronounce a ouncil oecumenical. 17. No chapter nor book of the loly Scriptures may be declared canonical without his auction. 18. No person can overthrow his decisions ; mt he, on the other hand, may subvert the judgments ►fall men. 19. No person can judge him. 20. None nay dare to condemn him who appeals to the apostol- cal chair. 21. AU matters of consequence in any *arch must be reported to him. 22. The Romish church has never erred, and, according to the testi- mony of the holy Scriptures, will not err to all etemi- ^- 23. If the pope was canonically elected (L e. ac- cording to the rules of the Church), he infallibly be-
comes a holy man, through the merits of St Peter. 24. Inferiors (subjects) may complain of their superiors with the permission of the pope. 25. The pope may depose a bishop, and reappoint him, without convok- ing a synod. 26. One who is not agreed with the Romish Church does not belong to the Catholic (ortho- dox) Church. 27. The pope may release subjects fh>m their fealty to wicked rulers. (The original Latin is given in Gieseler, Church History, div. iii, § 47).
Dictionaries, Biblical. The term dictionary is the most general one for designating an alphabetical arrangement of words with copious explanations at* tached, whereas vocabulary (Latin vocoimlum) denotes a simple list of words with brief definitions ; while a lexicon, on the one hand, is an et3rmological and gram- matical exhibit of the Words of a (usually foreign) lan- guage, and Encyclopaedia (Iv ievK\<fi vatStia, instruc- tion in a complete circU) is properly a series (wheth- er alphabetical or otherwise) of treatises embracing the whole range of a science by topics {Crabbe's Eng- lish Synonymes). This last word is used by English authors specially as a title of works covering the en- tire compass of human knowledge, arranged alphar betically under leading heads, and has thence been sometimes applied, in a more limited sense, to simi- lar works on one or more branches of science. The term Cyclopcsdia, however, is now generally recognised as more distinctively applicable to books of this class (see History of Cyelopcedias, in the Lond. Quart. Rev. April, 1868). In order to entitle it justly to the rank of either of these latter appellations, a work should contain the literature of the subjects of which it treats. Finally, a glossary is an elucidation of obscure or ob- solete words occurring in a particular author or class of writers ; thesaurus is applied to a collection of learn- ed dissertatioiis, and also to an extensive lexicon, both being usually written in Latin ; bibliotheca is applied to bibliographical works, and also to collective edi- tions, e. g. BibHoiheca Patrum.