like modem history. The geography the Bible are fundamentally investigated details of Biblical criticism are given with accuracy, and considerable copiousness. For the ii (and we may almost say the only) time, tl» ties of the natural history of the Bible are hat ^ orously grappled with by persons (Dr. Bojle k k department of Oriental botany, and Col. C ~ Smith in that of Biblical zoology) competemt m «• em science to throw light upon them, OrlLwiiMl i» toms are diligently and carefully explored^ wai errors scrupulously weeded out. A tolerably < plete view of the literature of each snbject is ai» ally given. In short, an earnest, liberal, rnnA jA- cions scholarship is brou^t to bear upon evfrj (wiUi but few exceptions) that are appropriate i»^ scope of such a work. It has been the bass cf a k» number of important Biblical artidee in this Cyd^ pfedia. The only serious drawback upon its gem value is a tendency to prolixity, and in fieme caaethi speculative vein, together with the almost iiMviuf< consequences of a multiplicity of anthors, le^Ss^ t omissions in some cases and discrepancies ia g&ol The edition of 1856, although professing to be ''aw- fully revised" by Dr. Burgess, altogeth^ fitkd r remedy these defects, being printed from the fsa stereotype plates, with the chainge of a few pa^a ai an unimportant sentence here and there, vexy asr of the most palpable errors being left uncorrected. 1 really new and greaUy augment^ editioa hK B>r (Edinb. 1862-6, 8 vols, royal 8vo) been carried tifac^ the press by Dr. J. L. Alexander, with the a^ d • number of scholars, which, while subatantiallv 1 1^ print of many of the old articles, has large mddiSx&i new ones, especially the hiogniqtkie* of emxztat B3ii- cal writers, tiius more fully realizing the specol t£> of the work. The articles on Biblical geogni^a. criticism are also brought down to the of investigation.
(4.) The only remaining work wfai<^ for and research deserves to be mentioned in con^MUca with the foregoing is the Dictionary of the Bible (UaL 1860-4, 8 vols. 8vo), edited by Wm. Smith, UJ of the University of London, and consasUi^, Ek» & preceding, of articles prepared afresh by fifty4k« eminent English and American schdais, altbo^ dr names appended to the several artidee are n<^ tiwtp those of persons so well known to be {sofidentt ata* topics assigned them. The work is of a very elabw* and learned character, and has been pecidiarir ar^ ble in the preparation of the present Cydopcfii km the fact that it seems to avoid as much as pQ»bi« ^ line of treatment pursued by KiUo*s. It hag tfce ^ vantage of the latter in a more coptoos vocabahr. especially in the less important Biblical names, tsi k bringing down the investigations to a later date, to is £Eir fh}m excelling it in point of clearness and o herence of style, while it is rather the inferkir ia op- ulence of matter and in comprehensiveness. Tlbr topographical details are particularly well treatrd. those relating to natural science are by no mests s satisfactory. The articles arc, with a very few exzq- tions, terse and compact, witii a tendency, boven^, to expansion as the work advances. It contais » immense body of very valuable information, to a Is;* degree new, and for the most part weD digested, ci admirably supplements the stock accumulated by pR- vious efforts in the same line. Like the preoe^^. I is characterized by a liberal tone of theological 9G^ ment.
(6.) The Imperial Bible DtcHonary by Bev. P. Fair- bairn, D.D., with numerous coadjutors (£diab.lK^ sq., 2 vols, imperial 8vo), is of a more popular diaiv- ter, and not so extensive in its general range as tki« named above. It is, however, entirely evan^cal a sentiment. Its cuts, a number of which have beeo \0- rowed in this Cydoptediti, are particnlariy fine. It
DICTIONARIES
789
DICTIONARIES
J, moreover, some new items to the investigations s predecessors.
>.} A new JBibel-Lexikon is announced in Germany, »e edited by Dr. Daniel Schenkel, with the co- *atioii of Drs. Bruch, Diestel, Dillmann, Fritzsche, 8, Hausrath, Hitzig, Holzmann, Keim, Lipsius, 'X, Reass, Roskoff, Schwarz, Schweizer, and other nent Biblical scholars. These names give prom- 3f thorough and original research, but of Rational- 5 views. The work is to be comprised in 4 vols. . What has thus &r appeared (Leipzig, 1868) does afford mach new material or literature. >ther Biblical dictionaries entitled to special notice »>ntaiiiing much original and useful matter are: Elavanel, BibUotheca Sacra (Genev. 1660, fol.) ; J. Otho, Lex. RaJbhimay-phUolo^cvm (Gen. 1675, 12mo; h additions by J. F. Zacharift, Kiel, 1767, 8vo) ; A. ^henbergU Hierolexicon reale coliectum (Lips, et tncf. 1714, 2 vols.) ; the Dictionneure Universely Dog- Hque, Canomque, Hktorique^ et Chronoloffique des Sci- ejf SccUsiastiqueSj et avec des Sermons abriges des IS cilsbres Orateurs Ckritiens, par le P. R. Richard, fiatres Religienx Dominicains, etc. (Paris, 1760-64, ols.) ; J. Brown (of Haddington), Dictionary of the ly Bible (London, 1769, 2 vols. 8vo, and often since ; 0 N. Y. 8vo) ; W. F. Hezel, BibUsches ReaJL-LexUcon aipsic, 1783-^, 8 vols. 4to) ; F. G. Leun, BibL Ency- pddie (Gotha, 1798-98, 4 vols. 4to) ; C. G. Haupt, bl. Beat, «. Verbal-EncyJdopadie (Quedlinb. 1820-7, 3 Is. 8vo) ; W. Goodhue and W. C. Taylor, Pictorial ctionary of the Holy Bible (London, 1843, 2 vols. sm. .) ; J. A. Bastow, Biblical Dictionary (Lond. 1848, 3 •Is. 12mo ; condensed edition, Lond. 1859, 12mo) ; H. iller, Biblisches Wdrterbuch (Stuttg. 1855-8, 2 vols, rge 8vo) ; Krehl, New-Test. Hcmdworierbuch (G6tt. ^7, 8vo). Of less importance in this respect are the llowing : T. Wilson, Complete Christian Dictionary -ond. 1661, fol.); J. C. Beck, Volletdnd. bibl. W&rter- \ch (Basel, 1770, 2 vols, fol.) ; J. A. Dalmasius, Dicti- tarium manuale Biblicum (Aug. Vind. 1776, 2 vols, ro) ; A. Macbean, Dictionary of the Bitde (Lond. 1779, iro) ; P. Oliver, Scripture Lexicon (Birmingham, 1784, iro; London, 1843, 18mo); G. L. Gebhardt, Biblisches 7dHerb. (Lemgo, 1793-6, 3 vols. 8vo) ; M. C. F. Schnei- er, Wmerb. Hb. d. Bibel (Lpz. 1795-1817, 4 vols. 8vo) ; . Robinson, Theolog.y Biblical, and Eccles. Dictionary Lond. 1815, 8vo; also 1835); J. C. VoUbeding, BibL Vorterb. (Berl. 1800-5, 3 vols. 8vo) ; C. A. Wahl, BibL landworterb. (Lpz. 1828, 2 vols. 8vo) ; W. Jones, Bib- cal Cydopandia (Lond. 1831, 2 vols. 8vo) ; R. Watson, "i'Mical and TheoL Dictionary (Lond. 1831, royal 8vo ; J. Y. also Nashville, 8vo); C. L. Walbrecbt, JOWwcA. Vorterbuch (G5tt. 1837, 8vo); S. Green, Biblical and Thtei. Dictionary (London, 1840, 1860, 12mo) ; J. Gard- ler. Christian Cydopcedia (Edhib. n. d. 8vo) ; A. C. Joffmann, AUgem. Volks-Bibellexikon (Lpz. 1842 sq., tto) ; J. Eadie, Biblical Cyclopasdia (2d ed. 1849, 8vo) ; r. P. Lawson, Bible Cyclopasdia (London, 1849, 3 vols, •oyal 8vo) ; F. C. Oetinger, Biblisches WdrUrb. (Stuttg. 1849, 8vo) ; J. Farrar, Biblical and Theolog. Dictionary [Lond. 1852, 12mo) ; H. Malcom, Dictionary ofiheBi- ifc (London, 1854, 18mo) ; J. A. Bost, Dictionaire de la ^ibU (Paris, 1865, 8vo); J. Ayre, Treasury of Bible Knowledge (London, 1866, small 8vo) ; H. Besser, BibL Worterbuch (Gotha, 1866, 8vo) ; J. Hamburger, Bib- ^schrtalmudisches Wdrterbuch (Strelitz, 1866 sq., 8vo); with many others of still less extent or importance in this country as well as in Europe. The strictly Bibli- <»1 articles contained in the general Cyclopedias, as a class, are usually too meagre to deserve particular at- tention in this comparison.