DiOBCoroB, anti-pope, had been sent as legate by pope Hormisdas to Constantinople. He was chosen pope Oct 15, 529 (on the death of Felix FV), by a num- ber of bishops ; but, about the same time, Boniface II was elected and snstained by Athalaric the Goth. Di-
oscorus died within a month of his eleetion, Sm,Z 529, and Boniface excommunicated him, eves aftern death — a sentence that was annoUed afteiawklF pope Agapetns.— Bower, History qfdke Popes, E C Diosctlri (AiooKovpoi, L e. Jove's foya, "C« and Pollux," Acts xxviii, 11), the twin 000s of «^ by Leda (Homer, Hymn, 17 ; Hygtn. Fab. 77; acDH ing to Homer, Odyss. zi, 297, the sons of Leda ad 7^ dareus). They were chiefly invoked by the Gieek Roman saflors as tutelary deities of mariaecs, sad iki worshipped by propitiatory offerings (Theoasu^ xxii, 17 ; CatuU. Ixviii, 65 ; Lndan, Dear. dtoL xiH, 2). In the heavens they were twin stan, regff^v auspicious (comp. obtTTjptc, Homer, HymsL, xxxm Ft JEXiKii,Var. Inst.1, 30; ^Mucidum^na,^ iv, 48; Ovid, Fasti, v, 720). They thought to appear in a delivering flame at tbi head during storms (Plutarch, PladL PUos. i 1% Their image formed the ** figure-head'^ of tike A]ui*« drian vessel (giving name to it) in which Faii fh>m Melita to Rome (Acts xviii, 11). Conpsie ^» See Scheffier, De mUk. navali vetL p. 872 iq. ; Ecidd. De tuteiis et insiffnib. noP. (L. B. 1771) ; Hasa*. U navib. Alexand. apostokim in Ital. deJerfntSbm (Bksc 1716) ; Kunz, De tfexUlo navis Akx. (Jen. 17^ C«f Castor (ak d Pollux).
C<rinirith the Figure of the Dioeciiii
Dio8p61iB. See Thebes.
DiosPOLis, Stu OD OF (called by Angmtine a *^t& cil of Palestine,'* and which Jerome, in a letter tE> Ai- gustine, calls miserabiUs Synodus Diospoliiana\M (at- cil of fourteen bishops held at Diospolis, the aaart Lydda, A.D. 415, to treat of charges of heresy bmdt by Heros, bishop of Aries, and Laxama, of Aii %f,mt Pelagius. ** Pelagius himself was present, bet tf Heros or Lazarus. Their memorial waa read, eoota- ing many propositions <^ Pelagius ; amoiig thio, the cliildren dying without baptism are saved, and e^ eternal life, although they do not enter the kiaf^ of heaven ; that the grace of God is not aiiUMwr h the performance of each particnlar good woik; ^ man's free will, with the law and Gospel doctiistc sufficient ; that prace is given according to oar sena. and depends upon man's will. P^lagins eo^M some of the propositions attriboted to bim to be raS^ his, but he denied the sense which his aiiuwrf ft npon them, maintaining that they were capsfcis d^ ing understood in a sense agreeable to catholic trsd' (Landon, Manual of Cotmcils, 208). The syood k- quitted Pelagius ; but, as Augustine justly roaatei of the decision, it was not *' heresy that was thm «■ quitted, but the man who denied the heresy." Stf Schaff; History of the Christian Ckurck, ni, § 1«; B*- iele, ConciUenffeschichte, ii, 95 sq.
Dlot'reph^ (Atorpf^, /oM-wwruM), sp«» who seems to have been one of the fiUse teadM» es- demned by the apostle John in hfe third epistle. AJl cfar. 90. He appears to have been a presbyter cr dai- con, probably the former. He reftataed to recdv* * former letter sent by John, thereby declining to f^ mit to his directions or acknowledge his aatbVKT moreover circulating malicious slanders agaiaet thi apostle, and exercising an undue, arbitrary, sad }^ nidous inflnence (jptXoirp^rrnwv) in the char^ Q John 9, 10). See Gaius. Neander suggests (P^ ing and Training^ ii, 73) that he may hare been of f ultra-Pauline party, the forerunner of MaidoB (% V
Diphath. See Riphath.
DIPLOMA
813
DIRECTORT
Mploma (Lai. diploma; Greek ^iirXw/ia, from \ovaOaLy to fold together), a name given to writings Locuxnents conferring certain honors or privileges. ) Roman emperors were in the habit of giving cbar- I or donations written on two leaves or tablets of K. or copper, folded together; hence the name dtplo- The term is now mostly applied to instruments en bj- nziiversities and other learned societies, in of of the holder having attained a certain degree, to the licenses held by professional persons to prao- ) their Mrt.—Enctfclop, MetrcpolUana^ s. v; Cham- «, JSncydopadioy s. v.
Diplomatics, the science of deciphering ancient taxnents, and describing their origin, date, history, )«, etc. It first took scientific shape in Mabillon, he Zh'plomcUica, 1681. See Brande, Dictionary of lence tnui Art (Lond. 186dX i, 689.
Dippel, JoHANN CovBAD, Called the Christian ftnocritwis, was bom Aug. 10, 1673, at Frankenstein, ar Darmstadt, studied at the University of Giessen, d became professor there. His vanity, and his de- e to be considered as a '* reformer of theology," led ai into excesses which cost him his situation, and he came a sort of literary adventurer. He was at first violent opponent of Pietism, afterwards lectured on iromancy and astrology, and in 1697 appeared in armstadt in the character of an alchemist and Pietist riven away as an impostor from Darmstadt in 1704, id from Berlin in 1707, we find him practicing medi- ne in Holland, where some cures performed by his universal medicine" (Dippel's oil) gained him a -eat reputation. Obliged to flee on account of debt, 9 went to Altona, and was imprisoned at Bomholm om 1719 to 1725. After his liberation, he went as a ^ysician to Sweden in 1727, but left it m December, 787, on accoont of his attacks against the Church and ie institutions of the country. He was afterwards nown in Hesse and the Rhenish provinces as adept, uack, and herald of the "interior light," which he Might to substitute for Christianity. In theology, tippel ''attacked in particular the doctrine of the tenement of Christ, and of justification by faith. Re- emption takes place through Christ in us without ex- )mal means. There is no anger in God ; an atone- lent is therefore not necessary. As Christ did not ssume his humanity out of Paradise, but out of the reakened substance of fallen man, he was under the lecessity, on his own account, of going through the larrow gate of self-denial to ^ory ; not in our place, lut for our good, did Christ set an example of his holy ife. The Word of God, in his view, is not in Clirist ilone. It is an immediate efi^nx flrom the mouth of Sod, which communicates itself to the hearts of all nen, even without the Scriptures : in every man there s a divine seed, or e£9ux of the divine nature. After he Fall, however, there was in man the seed of the serpent, which totiilly concealed the Word of God im- [)lanted in us. To the end of awakening and ripen- ing this seed of God, the eternal Word of God was com- pelled to assume a lucifio body in heaven, by whose means the flesh assumed in Mary was tinged and del- Red, and the seed of the serpent in his flesh was killed by his BuflTerings and death. Through both, however, a universal tincture was prepared, through which the »eed of God is awakened in us, and we are clothed ^th a new ludflc body for our deification. This, however, we do not receive through external means of (trace. In true Christianity nothing takes place me- diately : it is God*s will to speak directly to our heart by inspiration; it is Christ's will to begin his process agahi in us, in each one separately*' (Domer, Hitt, of tht Doctrine of the Person tf Christ, Edinb. transl., div. % vol. ii, p. 876). He died AprU 26, 1784, in Witt- genstein Castle. His adherents were called Dippeli- *^8 {pippeUanery, He wrote several hymns ; among them the penitential hymn " 0 Jtsu^ tleh darein,''