Gold Daric of Persia. Actual sise.
Harpocration says that, according to some persons, the daric was worth twenty silver drachms, which agrees with the statement of Xenopbon {Anab, i, 7, 18), who informs us that 8000 darics were equal to ten talents, which would consequently make the daric equal to twenty drachms. The value of the daric in our money, computed thus from the drachma, is 16«. 8d. sterling, or $3.93 ; but, if reckoned by comparison with our gold money, it is much more. The darics in the British Museum weigh 128*4 grains and 128*6 grains respectively. Hussey {Anc. WeighU^ vii, 8) calculates the daric as containing on an average about 128*7 grains of pure gold, and therefore equal to £1 Is. lOcf. 1*76 gr., or 95.29. There are also silver coins which go by the name of darics, on account of their bearing the figure of an archer; but they were never called by this name in ancient times. See Daric.
The drachma (dpaxfJirj, " piece of silver," Luke xv, 8, 9) was a coin of silver, the most common among the Greeks, and which, after the Exile, became also cur- rent among the Jews (2 Mace, iv, 19; x, 20; xii, 48). The earlier Attic drachms were of the average weight of 66*5 grainy and in a comparison with the shilling; would be equal to 9'72(i., or about 19 cents. After Alexander's time there was a slight decrease in the weight of the drachma, till, in course of time, it weigh-
Aihenian Drachma. ActnM Aze.
ed only 63 grains, and specimens of the later times are in some cases even of less weight than this. In this state the drachma was counted equal to the denarius,
which was at first worth 8^., and i 7^., or about 15 cents, which may tbeRfav II sidered as the value of the drachma m the lirv| ment — that is, the nominal value, for the red t money was far greater in the time of Christ ti present. That the drachma of Alexaodris i to two of Greece is inferred from the ftet thattl makes the Jewish shekel equivalent to tin d [see Didrachma]; and, in &ct, an drachma weighing 126 grains has be«n faand. was also the tetradracfam, or fom-^ndtmrn ykai later times called the stater (q. v.). (Set Sai< Did, qf Class. Aniiq. s. v. Drachma.) See DEicm
Draught occurs in oor version as a tnmiitkr i d^Spuv (literally a place of tirthig apeH)^ tiki prwg (Matt, xv, 17 ; Mark vii, 19).
DRAUGHT-HOUSE similariy occms n t tz^ tion of riK^n^ (macharaah'^ literally aa eon; » self^ 2 Kings X, 27 for which in the inirgis,bTfl phemism, HK^iia, motsaak', an omUfoingX i ffv) v. sewer, Jehu, in order to show his coBt«9|t far a worship of Baal, ordered his temple to be iesam. and the place converted to a vDe use, that dms^K, offal or ordure. On this mode of degnditiaa, oge;, Ezra vi, 11 ; Dan. ii, 5.
Dra'wer of water (Q^p 3K9, akrii'MiK Sept. vSpo^Spo^, i. e. water-carrier') ocean ■ IVt. xxix, 11; Josh, ix, 21, 28; and in both imtiarairj; spoken of as a hard and servile emploroent: lecl' ciafty Gibeonites were condemned. In tbe Eut tv ter must be fetched from the river or the vdk k towns this is rarely done by the hoosdioMen ikcs- selves, or by their servants.' There are pawts »i make a trade of it to supply every day, to reguk rr^ tomers, the quantity required. They carry tbotf ^' water in a well-prepared goat-skin, whieh i? fin:'-' the back ; the neck is usually brought utder th(£
OrienUI Water^MTier.
and compressed by the hand, serving ns the Btei this curious but very useful vessel. Those who ^ a great trade have an ass, which carries two w^* • once, borne like panniers. The« men, ^^U^"".. passing to and fro with their wet bags *"**y. narrow streets, are great nuisances in the tows?
DREAM
885
DREAM
difficolty of avoiding contact with them. There DO veliicles of draught in Asiatic towns; the wa- '.arriers vrith their bags, and the " hewers of wood," in^ large fagots on their baclcs, or the backs of ea or mules, form the only obstructions in the ets. In a time of public calamity the water-car^ i are the last to discontinue their labor ; and their I g so is a sure indication that the distress has be- le intense and imminent. See Water.
>refiUii (oibn, ckcdom'; Sept. ivimviQV ; but tcaff *ov and kclt opop in Matthew are generally used '^ in a dream"). Dreams have been the subject macli curious speculation in all ages. The an- Its bad various theories respecting them, the most able of which for our present purpose is that of mer (Jliad^ i, €8), who declares that ** they come m Jove." The most philosophic opinion of an- uity respecting dreams was that of Aristotle, who •ught that every object of sense produces upon the man soul a certain impression, which remains for ne time after the object that made it is removed ; 1 which, being afterwards recognised by the per- [>tive faculty In sleep, gives rise to the varied im- es which present themselves. This view nearly ap- »ache8 that of modem mental science, which teach- that dreams are ordinarily the re-embodiment of oughts which have before, in some shape or other, cupied our minds (Elwin, OpenUums of the Mind in leep, l<ond. 1843). They are broken fragments of ir former conceptions revived, and heterogeneously -ought together. If they break off from their con- acting chain and become loosely associated, they ex- ibit ofttimes absurd combinations, but the elemeiUs iU subsist. If, for instance, any irritat%»n,«6uch as un, fever, etc., should excite the perceptive organs hiie the reflective ones are under the influence of ieep, we have a consciousness of objects, colors, or Dunds being presented to us, just as if the former or- ans were actually stimulated by having such impres- ions communicated to them by the external senses ; vhilst, in consequence of the repose of the reflecting K>wer, we are unable to rectify the illusion, and con- eive that the scenes passing before us, or the sounds hat we hear, have a real existence. This want of nutual co-operation between the different faculties of ;he mind may account for the disjointed character of Ireams. This is in accordance with the theory of Ireams alluded to in Eccles. v, 7 ; Isa. xxix, 8.