mm
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CYCLOPEDIA
OF
THEOLOGICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL
LITERATURE.
PKEPAKED BY
THE REV. JOHN M'CLINTOCK, D.D.>
AND
JAMES STRONG, S.T.D. Vol. III.— E, F, G.
PRIVATE LIBRARY RICHARD C. HALVERSON
NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,
FRANKLIN SQUARE.
18 82.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred
and seventy, by
HARPER & BROTHERS,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New York.
PREFACE TO VOL. III.
In the Prcface to the first volume of tliis work it was stated that the department of Biblical Literature is exclusively in the charge of Dr. Strong, who is resi:)onsible for all the articles in that field. It may be proper to add that this dej^artment embraces not merely Bible names, but also all branches of Biblical Introduction, including such articles, for instance, as Canon of Scripture, Commentary^ Concordance^ Criticism^ Cross, I., II., Ethnology^ etc. ; also. Biblical philology, manuscripts and versions, and many cognate subjects, such as English Versions, Eschatology, Essenes, Ethiopic Language, Fortification, Geology. Government, etc. In this department tlie Dic- tionaries of Kitto and Smith are freely used, all the important matter of both beino- incorporated into these pages, with references at the end to the authority cited. The range of this department, however, is greatly extended beyond the scope of these or any similar works heretofore publislied.
In Dr. M'Clintock's department, all verbal citations are noted by quotation marks. If this is omitted in any case, it is by accident. In this department, also, the names ot the writers of special articles are indicated by their initials in the list at the end of the volume, as follows :
W. J. A. — WiLLiAJi J. Allinson, editor of Friends' Review, Burlington, N. J. G. F. C. — Professor G. F. Cojifokt, Princeton College.
D. D. — The Rev. Daniel dk Vinne, New York.
E. D. — The Rev. Robert Davidson, D.D., Huntingdon, L. I.
F.W. F— The Rev. F.\Y. Flocken, missionary of the Metlwdist Episcopal Church, Tultscha, Bulgaria.
E. V. G. — The Rev. E. V. Geriiaht, D.D., professor in ^^ercersburgh Theological Seminary.
J. T. G. — The Rev. J. T. Gracey, missionary in India (Methodist Episcopal Church).
H. G. — The Rev. Henry Grahaji, Lansingl)urgh, ISf. Y. -'
H. H. — The Rev. H. Hakbaugh, D.D., latci president of Theological Seminary, Mercersburgh, Pa.
R. D. II.— Professor R. D. Hitchcock, D.D., Union Theological Seminary, New York.
C. H. — The Rev. Charles Hodge, D.D., Princeton Tlieological Seminary.
G. F. H. — Professor George F. Holjies, University of Virginia.
J. F. H.— The Rev. John F. Hcrst, D.D., Mission Institute, Bremen, Germany.
S. M. J. — Sajiuel M. Janney, Lincoln, Loudoun Count}', Ya.
O. J. — Oliver Johnson, office of The Indepenclenf, New York.
J. B. L. — The Rev. J. B. Logan, editor of IVesiern Cumberland Presbyterian, Alton, HL
J. W. M. — Professor J. W. Marshall, late of Dickinson College.
B. H. N.— Professor B. H. Nadal, D.D., Drew Theological Seminar}^ E. A. P. — rrofessor E. A. Park, D.D., Theological Semmary, Aiidover. J. N. P. — Jules N. Proesciiel, Paris, France.
A. J. S. — Professor Alex^vnder J. Scheji, New York.
E. de S.— The Rev. E. de Sciiweinitz, editor of The Moravian, Bethlehem, Pa.
L. E. S.— Professor L. E. Sjiith, office of ExamiiKV and Chronicle, New Yorli.
A. S. — The Rev. Abel Ste\'ens, LL.D., Brooklyn.
M. L. S.— Professor ]\I. L. Stoever, Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg.
G. L. T. — The Rev. George L. Taylor, New York.
W. J. R. T.— The Rev. W. J. R. Taylor, D.D., Secretary of American Bible Society, New York.
J. P. W — The Rev. J. P. Westervelt, Paterson, N. J.
C. P.W.— The Rev. C. P. Wing, D.D., Carlisle, Pa.
J. H. W.— J. H. WoRMAN, AM., lilirarian of Drew Theological Seminary. R. Y.— The Rev. R. Yeakel, Cleveland, Ohio.
A considerable number of articles for this Cyclopedia are in part prepared, nearly up to the end of the alphabet ; but there are numerous subjects that can only be treated advantageously at or near the time of printing. All the articles are revised de novo as the work goes tlirough the press, and the latest literature, in new books as Avell as in the journals of all nations, is consulted in this revision. The succeeding vol- umes may tlierefore be expected as rapidly as they can be carried through the press.
LIST OF WOOD-CUTS IN VOL. III.
Assyrian Eagle Page
Imperial Eagle
Egyptian Corn
ICarly English Window
ICarly ]<2nglish Capital
Early English Pediment
Ancient Oriental Ear-rings
Ancient Egyptian Ear-rings
Ancient Assyriaii Ear-rings
Modern Egyptian Ear-rings
Ancient Triclinium
Jlodern Oriental Dinner-party
Branch of Dionpijrua Ehurnum
Plan of Ecbatana
Map of Western Asia
Ilieroglyi^li for " Egypt"
Modern Egypt
Egypt under the Romans
Ancient Profiles
Sign Tan
Propylon of Temple at Luxor
Asiatic Elephant
Temple at Ellora
Swathing a Mummy
Painting a Mummy-case
Mummy's Head in Coffin
Mummy of Pen-amen
Ancient Egyptian Embroidery
Ancient Assyrian Embroidery
]\Iodern Oriental Embroidery
Modern Arab Encampment
Ancient Egyptian Testtido
Roman Catapult
Roman ISalisla i
Assyrian War-engine
Roman Battering-ram worked by
hand
Roman covered Battering-ram on
wheels
Roman Helcpolia
Ancient Egyptian Ensigns
I'^rly Coin of Ephesus
Plali of Ephesus
Roman Coin of Ephesus
" Diana of the Ephesians"
Plan of Temple of Diana at Ephesus.
The Jewish Ephod
Ancient Egyptian Tunic
Ancient Egyptian sacred Coat