732 Ionic Order, Monument of Lyaicrates 977 732 Plan of the Parthenon 97T
732 Parthenon restoi-ed 973
7.33 Map of Ancient Greece 980
733 Egyptian Woman mourning 1008
733 Oriental Women grinding Meal 1012
733 Assyrian Symbolic Tree 1021
Tamarix Oricntalis 1022
735 Ancient Egyptian Sentiy 1024
739
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BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE.
E.
Eachard, John, D.D., an English divine, was born in Suftblk in IO06, and was admitted at Catliarine Hall, Cambridge, in 1G53. He became fellow of his college in l(j.J8, and was chosen master in 1G75. He died July 7, IG'JT. His Works were collected in 3 vols. l-2nio (Lond. 1784), containing a Sbtch of his Life, a Discussion if Iliibbes's ^tate of Nature, and an Essa>j on the Grounds of the Contempt of the Clergy. — New Gen. Biofj. Did. V, 53 ; Kippis, Bv)g. Britannica, v, 529.
Eachard, Lawrence. See Eciiard.
Eadfrith, bishop of Lindisfarne from 698 to 721. He is sometimes named as tiie first translator of the Bible into Anglo-Saxon, but this is a mistake. There is, Iiowever, a splendid manuscript, written by Ead- frith with his own hund, in the Cottonian Library. It is Ivnown as The Durham Book. — Wright, Biog.Brit. Lit., AnrjloSaron Period, p. 242.
Eadmer, or Ednier, a monk of Canterbury (12th century"), was elected bislio]i of St. Andrew's, in Scot- laud, 1120, wliicli office he did not accept for the fol- lowing reason : " The question of lay investiture of ecclesiastical benefices was then in its crisis ; there was a controversy between Canterbury and York for jurisdiction over the see of St. Andrew's; that see, again, asserted its independence of either of the Eng- lish metropolitans; and Eadnisr seems to have added to all these perplexities a difficulty as to his monastic allegiance. 'Not for all Scotland,' he said to the Scottisii king, ' will I renounce being a monk of Can- terbury.' The king, on his side, was equally unyield- ing; and the issue was the return of Eadmer to his English mouasterj^ uneonsecrated indeed, but still claimiim to be bishop of St. Amlrew's. He was made precentor of Canterburj^, and died, it is supposed, in Januar}', 1124" (Chambers, Encyclopivdia, s. v.). Ead- mer is one of the most important of the Qi\\y Eng- lish historians. He wrote a history of the aff.iirs of England of his own time, from 1077 to 1122 (Historia Novorum sive sui smcuW), in which many original pa- pers are inserted, and many important facts, nowhere else to be found, arc preserved. This work has been highly commended, both by old and modern writers, as well for its correctness as for regularit}' of com- position and purity of style. The l)est "edition is that by Seldcn in 1G23. Eadmer wrote the life of Anselm (geni^rally found printed with his works), and the lives of Wilfred, Oswald, Dunstan, and others, given in the Acta Sanctorum, and in Warton, Ang'ia Sacra (vol. ii). The Vita Ansehni is prefixed to An- selm's works (Benedictine edition; also in Migne's Patroloffta). Tiie Historia Novorum and Eadmer's mi- nor writings are given also in Migne, Patrologia La- tino, vol. clix, 347 sq. — Hook, Eccl.Bioq. iv, 52; Cave, Hist. Lit. (Geneva, 1721)) i, 574; Collier, Eccl. Hist, of Great Britain (Barham's edit.), ii, 183 sq. ; Wright, Biog. Brit. Lit,, Angfo-Norman Period, p. 82 sq. III.— A
Eagle occurs in Scripture as the translation of the Heb. TwD (jie'sher, so called from tearing its jirey with its beak : occurs Exod. xix, 4 ; Lev. xi, 18 ; Deut. xiv, 12; xxviii, 49; xxxii, 11; 2 Sam. i, 23; Job ix, 26; xxxix, 27 ; Psa. ciii, 5 ; Prov. xxiii, 5 ; xxx, 17, 19 ; Isa. xl, 31 ; Jer. iv, 13 ; xlviii, 40 ; xlix, IG, 22 ; Lam. iv, 19 ; Ezek. i, 10 ; x, 14 ; xvii, 3, 7 ; Hos. viii, 1 ; Obad. 4 ; Mic. i, IG ; Hab. i, 8), with which all the designations of the kindred dialects agree, Chald. "1D3 (neshar', Dan. iv, 33 ; vii, 4), Sept. and N. T. curot; (Matt, xxiv, 28 ; Luke xvii, 37 ; Rev. iv, 7 ; xii, 14). As there are many species of eagles, the nesher, when distinguished from others, seems to have denoted the chief species, the golden eagle, xi^vaaitTog, as in Lev. xi, 13; Deut. xiv, 12. The word, however, seems lo have had a broader acceptation, and, like the Greek c'ltToi; and Arabic nesr (see Bochart, Hieroz. ii, 312 sq.}, sometimes comprehends also a species of vulture, espe- cially in those passages where the nesher is said to be bald (Mic. i, IG), and to feed on carcases (Job xxix, 27; Prov. xxx, 17; Matt, xxiv, 28), whicli the true eagle is disinclined to do. See Gieu-Eagle ; Hawk ;
OSPREY ; OSSIFRAGE ; VuLTURE.
1. The characteristics of the eagle referred to in the Scriptures are, its swiftness of flight (Deut. xxviii, 49; 2 Sam. i, 23 ; Jer. iv, 13 ; xlix, 22 ; Lam. iv, 19, etc.) ; its mounting high into tiie air (Job xxxix, 27 ; Prov. xxiii, 5; xxx, 19; Isa. xl, 31; Jer. xlix, IG) ; its strength and vigor (in Psa. ciii, 5) ; its predaceous habits (Job ix, 26 ; Prov. xxx, 17 ; compare iElian, Anim. x, 14); its setting its nest in high places (in Jer. xlix, IG ; comp. Aristotle, A nim. ix, '22 ; Pliny, x, 4) ; the care in training its young to fly (in Exod. xix, 4; Deut. xxxii, 11); 'its powers of vision (in Job xxxix, 29; comp. Homer, II. xvii, 674; yElian, Anim.. i, 42 ; Isidore, Origg. xii, 1 ; Pliny, xii, 88) ; and its moulting (Psa. ciii, 5). As king of birds, the eagle nat- urally became an emblem of powerful empires (Ezek. xvii, 3, 7), especially in the symbolical figures of Bab- ylon (Dan. vii, 4), and the cherul)im (Ezek. i, 10; x, 14 ; Rev. iv, 7), like the griffin, of classical antiquit}'. See Creature, Living. Eaglets are referred to in Prov. xxx, 17 as first picking out the ej'es of their pre}'. The following is a close translation of a irraphic de- scription of raptorial birds of tliis class which occurs in the book of Job (xxxix, 26-30) :