ENCYCLOPEDIA
190
ENCYCLOPEDIA
ment, broad in range, and accurate in literature. Hol- land has produced a valuable compendium in Clarisse, Encijdojr.ediiv. Theologicm Kpitome ("id edit. Lugd. Bat. 1835, 8vo), which has a copious literature, especially full in reference to English books, a matter in vvliich the German writers on the subject are all signally de- licient.
Among Roman Catholic I)ooks in this field are to be mentioned Possevinus, Bihliotheca selecta de ratione studionim (Colon. 1607) ; Ellies du Pin, Methode pour eludier la theQlogie (171G), translated into several lan- guages. In the 18th century, Denina (1758), Gerbert (1704), Braun (1777), Brandmeier (178,i), and special- ly C)berthur, labored in this field. The influence of the later Protestant writers is manifest in such works as Drey, Kiirze Einl. in das Stud. d. Theolugie (^Tiibing. 1819); Klee, Eiicyklupcedie (Mainz, 1832); Stauden- maier, Eiwydopddie dcr Iheol. Wissenschaften ah System d. gesammten Theoh g'.e (Mentz, 1834-1840); Gengler, D. Jdeale d. Wissensdiaft. o. d. Encydopddie d. Theologie (BamI). 1834); Buchner, Enr. u. Method. (Sulzb. 1837); A. von Sieger, De natiira fidei et mcthodo iheologioB ad ecdesio' catholicce Theologos (Monast. 1839).
No book properlj' to be called Encydopedia of The- ology has appeared in English, and no book is more needed, as the English theolo.uical literature is almost wholly neglected by the Germans. (We are glad to see, as this article goes to press, 1868, an Encydopedia .and Methodology announced as in preparation by Dr. H. B. Smith.) But there are many excellent remarks in English books of pastoral theology on the best meth- ods of study, and some special treatises which deserve notice. Among them are Dodwell, Advice on Theo- logical Studies (Lond. 1691) ; Bennet, Directions for Studying (Lond. 1727, 3d edit. 8v()) ; Cotton Mather, Manudiictio in Ministerium (Boston, 1720, 12mo ; re- pnblislied, with additions, as Mather's Student and Preacher, by Ryland (Lond. 1781); Mason, Student and Pastor (Lond. 1755); I\Iarsh, Course of Lectures on Divinity (Cambridge, 1809, 8vo), which gives good practical hints, and also attempts an encyclopffidic outline; Doddridge, Lectures (Works, Lond. 1830, £15 sq.); Bickersteth, Christian Student (Lond. 4th edit. 1844), contains much information and good advice, but is destitute of scientific form or spirit. There are many compends, such as Preston's Theological Man- ual (18i)0), Smith's Compendium (1836), etc., which are superficial sketches of theology, designed to aid stu- dents in cramming rather than in thorough work. Many good hints are given in books of pastoral the- ology, for which see Practical Theology. There is a t^ood list of books in Lowndes's British Librarian, p. 813 sq.
IL Method of Theological Encyclopedia and Method- ology.— 1. Some writers hold that encyclopaedia should be treated entirely apart from metliodology : so Kien- len, Encydopedie (Strasb. 1842), confines the former to the exposition of the relation of tlie several branch- es of thookK^y to the science as a wl\ole ; making methodology a separate worlv, aiming, not to set forth the science at all, but to show how it sliould be studied. This view is correct, if encyclopedia be taken in its broadest sense, as not merely an introductory science, taking the beginner by the liand at the portals of the- ology, and showing him the way to enter, and the plan of the edifice, but also as forming tlie conclusion of the course of study, in which all the branches are exhibit- cil in their natural relations to the central trunk. But in. view of practical use, most of tlie recent vriters blend methodology with encyclopedia in one connect- ed whole.
2. We give here tlie methods of the chief writers on the subject. (1.) Schleiermacher (§ 31) divides theol- ogy as science into three liranclies. Philosophical, His- torical, and Practical. Philo.^oph'>cal tlicology includes, 1. .\polo'j;etics ; 2. Polemics. Historical fhcologv in- cludes, 1. Esegetics, or the knowledge of primitive
Christianity ,• 2. Church history, or the knowledge of the earthly career of Christianity; 3. tlie knowledge or the present condition of Christianity (a) as to doctrine (Dogmatic theolotry), (b) as to social condition and extension (Ecclesiastical statistics). Practical theol- ogy includes, 1. Church service (Liturgy. M'orship, Homiletics, Pastoral care) ; 2. Church government. (2.) Hagenliach adopts the old and useful division of theology into four parts, Exegetical, Historical, Sys- tematic, and Practical. Exegetical theologj' includes a knowledge of the sacred books, as the primary source of Christian docti-ine, and the record of the original facts of Christianity. This knowledge presumes a knowledge of the languages of the sacred books, and requires also an apparatus (1) of criticism ; (2) of his- tory, viz. archaeology, geography, etc. ; (.3) of interpre- tation (Hermeneutics). Historical theology includes Bible-history of Old and New Test., Biblical theology. Church history. Doctrine history, Patristics, Symbol- ics, Archffiologj', Statistics. Systematic theology in- cludes Dogmatics, Apologetics, Polemics, and Ethics. Practical theology embraces Catechctics, Worship, Homiletics, Pastoral care, Church government. — Pelt gives a very complete outline (founded on Schleier- macher's) in his Encyclopcedie. (1843, 8vo), which he modifies somewhat in his article Theologie, in Herzog's Real-Encyklopddie, xv, 748 (compare also his article in Studien u. Kriiilen, 1849, p. 27).— Godet (Bulletin The- ologique, Paris, 18G3, art. i) divides theology into, 1. Speculative, or the knowledge of salvation ; 2. Prac- tical, or the art of saving men. L^'^nder the first he classes Exegetical, Sj'stcmatic, and Historical theolo- gy ; rmder the second. Ecclesiastical economy. Mis- sions, Apologetics' (compare a criticism on this outline by Pronier. in the same journal. May, 1803, p. 70 sq.). Thomas (Bullet. Theol. Sept. 1805) proposes to arrange as follows : 1. Apologetics (historical and philosophic- al) ; 2. Historical theologj' (Biblical sciences. Church history. Statistics) ; 3. Systematic theologj- (Dogmat- ics, Polemics, Speculative theology) ; 4. Practical the- ology (the individual, the family, the nation, civiliza- tion, the Church, («) as to its base, (li) as to its organ- ization, (c) as to its active working. — Dr. AV. F. AV'ar- ren, of the Boston Theological Seminars-, gives a philo- sophical but luminous outline in Jah'hucher f Deutsche Theologie, 1867, p. 318, as follows : 1. The Church, in its origin in time (History of the sacred writings; Bibli- cal doctrines: Mosaic, Jewish, and New Test.; Bibli- cal Church history ; auxiliary sciences : philology, archaeology, geography, chronology, etc.). 2. The Chui-ch in its development in time (Literature, His- tory of doctrines. System of Christian doctrines. Church history. Church economy, auxiliary sciences, with Po- lemics as a concluding discipline). 3. The Church in its consummation (the scientific exposition of what the Word of God tells us concerning the future devel- opment and final consummation of the Church). In a note to Dr. Warren's article (p. 321), Dr. AVagenniami gives another outline, to which we refer the re;',dor.