The valley which separated the hostile camps was generally selected as the fighting ground (iTl'w, sadeh% ■" the battle-field," 1 Sam. iv, 2 ; xiv, 15 ; 2 Sam. xviii, G), upon which the contest was decided, and hence the valleys of Palestine have played so conspicuous a part in its history (Josh, viii, 13 ; Judg. vi, 33 ; 2 Sam. v,
I 22 ; viii, 13, etc.). When the fighting men went' forth to the place of marshaling (nn""5, maarakah' ^ 1 Sam. xvii, 20), a detachment was left to protect the camp and baggage (1 Sam. xvii, 22; xxx, 21). The beasts of burden were probably tethered to the tent pegs (2 Kings vii, 10 ; Zech. xiv, 15).
The >13n^, machaneh' , or movable encampment, is distinguished from the 3S'0, matsfsab', or 2'Ji3, netsib' (2 Sam. xxiii, 14 ; 1 Chron. xi, 16), which ajjpears to have been a standing camp, like those which Jehosha- phat established throughout Judah (2 Chron. xvii, 2), or an advanced post in an enemy's countrj' (1 Sam. xiii, 17; 2 Sam. viii, G), from which skirmishing parties made their predatory excursions and ravaged the ci'ops. It was in resisting one of these expeditions that Sham- mah won himself a name among David's heroes (2 Sam. xxiii, 12). Mackaneh is still farther distinguish- ed from "lU^'Q, mibtsar', " a fortress" or " walled town" (Num. xiii, 19).
Camps left behind them a memorial in the name of the place where they were situated, as among our- selves (comp. Chester, etc., from the Lat. Crts'rw). Ma- haneh-Dan (Judg. xiii, 25) was so called from the en- campment of the Danites mentioned in Judg. xviii, 12. The more important camps at Gilgal (Josh, v, 10; ix,. G) and Shiloh (Josh, xviii, 9 ; Judg. xxi, 12, 19) left no such impress ; the military traditions of these places were eclipsed by the greater splendor of the religious associations which surrounded them. (See Ker Por- ter, Travels in Persia, ii, 147 sc]., 300 sq. ; Rhodes, Tent- Ife and Encampment of Armies in ancie7it ami modem Tillies, Lond. 1858.) — Smith, s. v.
Among the Ancient Egyptians, "the field encamp- ment was either a square or a parallelogram, with a principal entrance in one of the faces, and near the ec'.itre was the general's tent and those of the princi- jKil officers. The general's tent was sometimes sur- rounded by a double rampart or fosse inclosing two distinct areas, the outer one containing three tents, probabh" of the next in command, or of the ofiicers on the staff'; and the guards slept or watched in the open air. Other tents were pitched outside these inclosures ; and near the external circuit a space was set apart for feeding horses and beasts of burden, and another for ranging the chariots and baggage. It was near the general's tent, and within the same area, that the al-
Modem Arab Encampment in the Desert.
ENCHANTMENT
188
ENCYCLICA
tars of the gods, or whatever related to religious mat- ters, the standards, and the military chest, -were kept ; and the sacred emlilenis were deposited beneath a can- opy witliin an inclosiire similar to tliat of the general's tent" (^\'ilkinson, i, 409, abridgm.).
Enchantment stands in the Auth.Yers. as the representative of several Heb. words : usually some form of w*n;, nachash' (2 Kings xvii, 17; xxi, 6; 2 Chron. xxxiii,G; Lev. xix, 26 ; Deut. xviii,10 ; Num. xxiii, 2.3 ; xxiv, 1), literally to whisper a spell, hence to practice didiiation in general ; t"n=, lachash' (Ec- cles. x, 11), of cognate form and signification, especial- 1}' incantaiion ; w^b, lut, literally to muffle up, hence to use magic arts (Exod. vii, 11, 22; viii, 7, 18); 'DS', anan' , literally to cover with a cloud, hence to practice sorcery (Jer. xxvii, 9) ; and "130, chabar' , to bind, i. e. with a spell, to charm (Isa. xlvii, 9, 12). The follow- ing are the specific fonns which the black art assumed among the Hebrews. See also Amulet; Divixatiox.
1. CIJ^, latim , or Di::rib, lehatlm' , Exod. vii, 11, 22 ; viii, 7 ; Sept. (pappciKiai (Grotius compares the word with the Greek Xirai) ; secret arts, from 1:0, to cover; though others incorrectly connect it with liSlb, o flame, or the glittering blade of a sword, as though it implied a sort of dazzling cheironomy which de- ceives spectators. Several versions render the word \)Y "whisperings," insustiri-ationes, but it seems to be a more general word, and hence is used of the various means (some of" them no doubt of a quasi-scientitic character) by \vliich the Egyptian chartummim imposed on the credulity of Pharaoh. See Magician.
2. CS'^3, keshaphin/ ; Sept. (pap^iaialai, fapfiOKa (2 Kings ix, 22 ; Mic. v, 12 ; Nah. iii, 4) ; Vulg. rcne- ■fi.cvi, vialeficia ; " maleticse artes," "prrestigioa," "mut- tered spells." Hence it is sometimes rendered by iTjraoiCai, incantations, as in Isa. xlvii, 9, 12. The be- lief in tlie power of certain formulse was universal in the ancient world. Thus there were carmina to evoke the tutelary gods out of a cit}^ (Macrob. SatiimaL iii, 9), others to devote hostile armies (/(/.), others to raise the dead (Maimon. De Idol, xi, 15 ; Senec. (F.dip. 547), or bind the gods (ciapoi Otwi') and men (iEsch. Ft(r. 331), and even influence the heavenly bodies (Ovid, Met. vii, 207 sq. ; xii, 263; " Te quoque Luna traho," Virg. Eel. viii ; yEn. iv, 489 : Hor. Epod. v, 45). They were a recognised part of ancient medicine, even among the Jews, who regarded certain sentences of the law as efficacious in healing. The Greeks used them as one of the five chief resources of pharmacj'- (Pind. P!/lh. iii, 8, 9; Soph. Aj. 582), especially in ob- stetrics ( Plat. Thecet. p. 145) and mental diseases (Ga- len, J)e Savitai. tuendd, i, 8). Homer mentions them as used to check the flow of blood {Od. xix, 456), and Cato even gives a cliarm to cure a disjointed limb {Be Be Jiiist. 160; comp. Plin. //. N. xxviii, 2). The be- lief in charms is still all but universal in uncivilized nations ; see Lane's Modem Egypt, i, 300, 306, etc. ; ii, 177, etc. ; Beeckman's Voyage to Borneo, ch. ii ; IMerol- ler's Congo (in Pinkerton's Voyages, xvi, p. 221, 273); Hue's China, i, 223 ; ii, 326 ; Taylor's Nen^ Zeidand, and Livingstone's Afrca, passim, etc.; and hundreds of such remedies still exist, and are considered efficacious among the imeducatod. Sec Incantation.