ENTERTAINMENT
233
ENTHUSIASM
qum in iisdem agitahantur, in Gronovii Thesaur. viii), on the reception and departure of dear friends or else respected personages (Gen. xix, 3 ; 2 Sam. iii, 20 ; xx, 4 ; 2 Kings vi, 23 ; Tobit vii, 9 ; viii, 20 sq. ; 1 Mace, xvi, 15 ; 2 Mace, ii, 28 ; Luke v, 29 ; xv, 23 sq. ; John xii, 2), at sheepshearing (2 Sam. xiii, 23; 1 Sam. xxv, 2, 36), and vintage (Judg. ix 27), also at funerals (2 Sam. iii, 35; Jer. xvi, 7 ; Tob. iv, 18 [the Cl-^JiX tDtlb of Hos. ix, 4] ; comp. Josephus, Wa7\ ii, 1, 1 ; Homer, II. xxiii, 29; xxiv, 802; see Harmer, iii, 203), and mostly occurred in the evening (Josephus, War, i, 17, 4). The guests were invited l)y servants (Prov. ix, 3 ; Jlatt. xxii, 3 sq.), in more honorable instances a second time (Matt, xxii, 4 ; comp. Luke xiv, 7 ; comp. Eskuche, Eiiiiuter. ii, 410 sq.), and these summoners (like the Roman vocatores or invitatores) seem to have had the business of assigning the guests their relative position (Walch, Observ. in Matt, ex inscript. p. 62). On their arrival the guests were kissed (Tob. ix, 8 ; Luke vii, 45), their feet were washed (Luke vii, 44; comp. Homer, //. x, 576 sq. ; Od/jss. iii, 476 ; viii, 454 ; I'etron. Sat. 31 ; see Dougtrei Anal, i, 52) ; the hair of their head and beard, even their clothes, oftentimes their feet (Luke vii, 38; John xii, 3; comp. Athen. xii, 553), anointed with costly oil (Psa. xxiii, 5 ; Amos vi, 6; comp. Homer, 11. x, 577; Plutarch, Sympos. iii, 6, p. (i54; Petron. »S'a<. 65; Luci-et. iv, 1125 ; seeWalch, D(i unctionibus vet. Ebrmor. convivialibus, Jen. 1751), and their persons decked with garlands, with which their head was especially adorned (Isa. xxviii, 1 ; ^^'isd. ii, 7 sq. ; comp. Joseph. Ant. xix, 9, 1 ; Athen. XV, 685 ; Plutarch, Sympos. iii, 1 p. 645 ; iii, 6, p. 654 ; Pliilostr. Apoll. ii, 27 ; Aristoph. Av. 460; Horace, Od. ii, 7, 23 ; Sat. ii, 3, 256 ; Plautus, 3Iencechm. iii, 1, 16 ; I^ucretius, iv, 1125; Juvenal, v, 36 ; Petron.65; Ovid, Fast. V, 337) ; and then, with consideration to- the rank (Josephus, Ant. xv, 2, 4); comp. Becker, Charicles, i, 427), they were assigned their respective places (1 Sam. ix, 22; Luke xiv, 8; Mark xii, 39; Philo, ii, 78; comp. Buckingham, Mesopot. i, 279). All received, as a rule, like portions sent by the master of the house (1 Sam. i, 4; 2 Sam. vi, 19; 1 Chron. xvi, 3; comp. Homer, Odyss. xx, 280 scj. ; //. xxiv, 626 ; Plutarch, Sympos. ii, 10, p. 642, 644), which, however,* when spe- cial honor was intended, was douliled, or even in- creased fivefold (Gen. xliii, 34; comp. Herod, vi, 57), or a tid-liit sent in place of it (1 Sam. ix, 24 ; compare Homer, //. vii, .321 ; see Koster, Erlaiiter. p. 197 sq.). The management of the entertainment was in the hands of the architricUnus (q. v.) (John ii, 8), gener- allj' a friend of the family (comp. Sir. xxxii, 1, 23; see Rosenmuller, Morgenl. v, 223). The pride of the entertainer exhibited itself partlj' in the number of the guests (Gen. xxix, 22; 1 Sam. ix, 22; 1 Kings i, 9, 25 ; Luke v, 29 ; xiv, 16), partlj' in expense of the eating and drinking vessels (Estli. i, 6 sq. ; compare Curtius, viii, 12, 16 ; see Kype, De apparatu conviv. re- gis Persar. Regiom. 1755), partly and especiall}' in the variety and excellence of the viands (Gen. xxvii, 9 ; Isa. xxv, 6; Amos vi, 4; Job viii, 21; comp. Psa. xxiii, 5; Job xxviii, 16; Niebuhr, Trar. iii, 385), as well as their richness (Gen. xviii, 6; 1 Sam. ix, 24; Judg. vi, 19). Such banquets also lasted longer than with Occidentals (3 jMacc.vi, 28; comp. Esth. i, 3 sq. ; Rosenmiiller, Morgenl. iii, 294), and in Persia weighty state interests were discussed and determinations reached at the royal table (Esth. i, 15 ; vii, 1 sq. ; He- rod, i, 113; Plutarch, Sympos. vii, 9; Ammian. Marc, xviii, 5, p. 169, Bip. ed. ; Athen. iv, 144 ; comp. Tacit. Germ. 22). The amusement consisted in part of music and song (Isa. v. 12; Amos vi, 5; Psa. l.xix, 13; Sir. xxxii, 7 ; comp. Homer, Odyss. xvii, 358 ; Rosenmul- ler, Morgenl. v, 200), also the dance (Matt, xiv, 6), in part of jests and riddles (Judg. xiv, 12 sq. ; compare Athen. x, 452, 457\ At their departure the guests were again perfumed, especially ou the beard (Maun-
drell, p. 400 sq.). The women feasted on such occa- sions probably not with the men (Buckingham, ii, 404), but in a separate apartment (Esth. i, 9 ; see Ro- senmiiller, Morgenl. iii, 296 ; Bachelor, Chron. p. 98 ; comp. the later meretricious custom, Dan. v, 2 ; Judith xii, 11 sq. ; Herod, v, lif) ; but in plebeian homes the sexes were intermingled (John xii, 8). The Israelites were forbidden heathenish sacrificial entertainments (Exod. xxxiv, 15 ; yet see Num. xxv, 1 sq.), partly because these were in honor of fiilse worship, and part- ly because they would thus be liable to partake of un= clean flesh (1 Cor. x, 28). See Buxtorf, De conviv. Ebr. in Ugolini Thesaurus xxx; Geier, De Vet. Ebr. ratione canandi, in the Bihlioih. Luhec. vi, sq. ; Stuck, Antiquit. conviv. (Tigur. 1597); INIerciiriai, De arte gymnast, p. 75 scj. ed. Amst. See Meal-timk.