Ewald, JoiiANN LuDwiG, theologian, was born at Dreieichenhain, Hesse, September 16, 1747. He stud- ied at the University of Marburg. After serving two 3'ears as tutor to the children of the prince of Hesse- Philippsthal, he became pastor at Offenbach, 1768. He began preaching as a I!ationalist,but in a few years he found reason alone inadequate for his personal guid- ance and for his public teaching. In 1778 he an- nounced publicly this change of conviction. In 1781 he became general superintendent and court preacher at Detmold ; but his pungent preaching soon got him into trouble. He founded at Detmold a seminary for teachers. In 1796 he accepted a pastoral charge at Bremen ; and here, also, he greatly promoted the schools, visiting the establishments of Pestalozzi and Fellenberg, in Switzerland, to inform himself on their systems. In 1805 he was called to Heidelberg as professor of ethics, and in 1807 became church coun- cillor at Carlsruhe, where he died, March 19, 1822. He was a voluminous author. Doering gives a list of eighty-nine different publications of his. The chief are, Predigerheschaftir/img (Lemgo, 1783-94,9 parts) : — Christenthum mid Kosmopolilismiis (Lemgo, 1788-89, 2 vols. 8vo) : — Salomo ; Versuch eincr psychologisch-bio- graphischen Darstellmig (Gera, 1800, 8vo) : — Die Gott- liclikeit d. Christenthums (iivem.lSOO, 8vo): — Brief e icber die alte Jifijstik u. d. neuen Mysticismus (Leipsig, 1822, 8vo) ; besides numerous sermons and books on practi- cal religion and education. — Doering, Z>ie deuischen Kanzel-Redner, i, 46.
Ewe stands in the Auth.Vers. as the representa- tive of the following Heb. words : PH'^ (racket', fem.), a "ewe" (Gen. xxxi, 38; xxxii, 14) or " s/^ee;;" gener- ally (Cant, vi, 6 ; Isa. liii, 7) ; Mb (seh, masc. Exod. xii, 5; fern. Jer. 1, 17; Ezek. xxxiv, 20), a sheep or goat from a flock generall}', variously rendered ("cat- tle," "sheep," "goat," "ewe"); llw^S (Hbscd/) or ri'O^DS (kahsah' , fem., so called from being fit for coiip- lintf), a "fiizv-lamb," i. e. from one to three vears old (Gen. xxi, 28, 29, 30; Lev. xiv, 10; Num. "vi, 14; 2 Sam. xii, 3, 4, 6) ; nib" (cdotli , milk-giving, fem. plur.), milch (" [ewes] with j'oung," Psa. Ixxviii, 71 ; Isa. xl, 11). See Sheep, etc.
Ewer, or pitcher (q. v.) accompanying a wash-hand basin (<]. v.). It is stated as a description of Elisha (2 Kings iii, 11) that he ^^poured vater on the hamh of Elijah." This was the act of an attendant or disci- ple ; and it was sot much his established duty, that the mere mention of it sufficed to indicate the relation in which Elisha had stood to Elijah. It is also an indi- cation that the Hebrews were accustomed to wash their
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Orieutal E.ier and Ba»iiL
hands in the manner which is now universal in the East, and which, whatever may be thought of its con- venience, is unquestionably more refresliing and clean- ly than washing in the water as it stands in a basin, which is a process regarded bj- the Orientals with great dislike. The hands are therefore held over a basin, the use of which is onlj' to receive the water which has been poured upon the hands, sometimes of several persons successively, from the jug or ewer held above them (Lane, Modern Egijptimis. i, 212). A servant or some other person approaches with the ewer in his right hand and the basin in his left; and when the hands have been placed in proper position over the ba- sin, which he continues to hold, lets fall a stream of water upon them from the ewer, suspending it occa- sionally to allow the hands to be soaped or rubbed to- gether. No towel is offered, as everj' one dries his hands in his handkerchief, or however else he pleases. The water is usually tepid, and always so after a meal, in order to clear the grease contracted by eating with the hands. In the East, the basin, which, as well as the ewer, is usually of tinned copper, has commonlj' a sort of cover, rising in the middle and sunk into the basin at the mar- gin, which, being pierced with holes, allows the water to pass through, thus concealing it after it has been defiled by use. The ewer has a long spout, and a long, narrow neck, with a cov- er, and is altogether not unlike our coffee-pots in general appearance : it is the same which the Orientals use in all their ablutions. It is evident that a person cannot conveniently thus wash his own hands without assistance. If he does, he is obliged to fix the basin, and to take up and lay down the ewer several times, changing it from one hand to the other. Therefore a person never does so except when alone. If he has no servant, he asks some by-stander to pour the water upon his hands, and offers a return of the obligation, if it seems to be re- quired (Kitto, Pict. Bible, note ad loc). See Wash- ing OF Hands.
Ewing, Finis, one of the founders of the Cum- berland Presbyterian Church, was born 3vi\y 10, 1773, in Bedford County, Ya. His father was of Scotch- Irish descent, and both his parents were eminent for their piety, the father for many years being an elder in the Presbj^terian Church. Mr. Ewing had but lit- tle earl}' education. He spent some time in college, but where is not known. His biographer says, "Like Franklin, he seems very earlj' to have accjuired a fond- ness for books. His varied and extensive reading made him emphaticall}'' a learned man, though not systematically educated, and the brilliancy of his suc- cess as a minister of the Gospel evinced intellectual endowments of a high order." His parents having died in Virginia, the surviving family moved to what was called the "Cumberland Country," and settled in Davidson County, Tennessee, near Nashville. On Jan. 15, 1793, he married the daughter of general Wil- liam Davidson, of North Carolina. The county was named from him (Davidson), in honor of his many val- uaVde services during the war of the IJcvolution. Here Mr. Ewing and his wife united with Kev. Dr. Craig- head's church, and lived in its communion some years before either of them knew anything about experi- mental religion. After the birth of their first child (but at what time is not known) J\Ir. Ewing removed to Kentuckj', and settled in wliat was afterwards Lo- gan County, near Red Eiver Church, of which Kev. James ]\I'Cready was pastor. In the great revival of 1800, which swept over all the A\'estern States, and out of which originated the Cumberland Presbyts-