HORTKKS.
3. In the book of Common Prayer, the sliort address- es of the minister to the people in the daily service, in
the communion office, and in the office for the visita^ tion of the sick, are called Exhortations. The first of these, beginning " Dearly beloved brethren, the Scrip- ture moveth us," etc., was introduced into the Enalish formulary at the Reformation. Palmer {Orig. JAturg. i, 211) compares it to a passage in a sermon of Avitus of Vienne, fifth century. Procter (Common Prayer, p. 206) remarks that " it was constructed parth- from the preceding sentences, and parth- by adaptations from previously existing forms." But, in fact, this exhor- tation, with the other opening jjortions of morning prayer, is chiefly due to a ritual drawn up hy Calvin for the church at Strasburg, entitled La Forme des Prih-es et Chantes ecclesiastiques (Strasburg, 1545). See Baird, Eutaxia (N. York, 1855, p. 191). The exhorta- tions to the communion were also introduced at the Reformation. " The ancient Church, indeed, had no such exhortations, for their daily, or at least weekly communions made it known that there was then no solemn assembly of Christians without it, and every one (not under censure) was expected to communi- cate. But now, when the time is somewhat uncer- tain, and our long omissions have made some of us ignorant, and others forgetful of this duty ; most of us unwilling, and all of us more or less indisposed for it, it was thought both prudent and necessary to pro- vide these exhortations, to be read when the minister gives warning of the communion, nhich he is ahvays to do upon the Sunday or some holy day immediately pre ceding" (Wheatly, On Common Prayer, p. 284). The second exhortation was compiled apparently Ijy Peter ISIartjT at the instance of Bucer (Procter, On Common Prayer, p. 34i).
Exhorters, a class of lay persons licensed in the Methodist Episcopal Church to exhort, not to preach. The leaders' meeting (q. v.), or class (q. v.), recom- mend such persons, and the preacher issues the license. The duties of an exhorter are " to hold meetings for prayer and exhortation wherever opportunity' is af- forded, subject to the direction of the preacher in charge; to attend all the sessions of the Quarterly Conference; be subject to an annual examination of character in the Quarterly Conference, and renewal of license annually by the presiding elder, or preacher having the charge, if approved by the Quarterlj' Con- ference." This office has been found very useful, both in the edification of the Church, and in develojiing the talent of persons likely to be called to the ministrj'. — Discipline of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1868, p. 113, 114.
Exile (onlj' occurs of an expatriated person, f^"2, tso'ih' , bent, " captive exile," Isa. li, 14 ; TOj,, goleli , a transported captive, as elsewhere often [see Banish]), Assyrio-Babylonian, of the Israelitish nation (comp. Cellarii Dissertatt. p. 178 sq.). See also Captivity'.
1. Of the kingdom oi Israel, as earh' as the time of Pekah (q. v.), 13.0. cir. 741. Tiglath" Pileser (q. v.), in accordance with a cardinal maxim of Oriental des- pots (compare Heeren, Ideen, I, i, 405 sq. ; Gcsenius, Jesa. i, 949), transported to Assyria (2 Kings xv, 29; comp. Isa. viii, 23) a \n\rt of the inhabitants of Galilee and the trans-.Tordanic provinces (Gilead). A still earlier deportation (1 Chron. v, 26) seems to have been made by Pul (q. v.). After the destruction of Sama- ria (q. V.) and the entire northern state (B.C. 720) by Shalmaneser (q. v.), the same fate overtook all the distinguished and serviceable Israelites (2 Kings xvii, 6; xviii, 9 sq. ; 1 Chron. v, 26). They were assigned a residence on the Chaboras, in IMesopotamia [see Hap.or], and in INIedia (comp. Josephus, Ant. ix, 14, ]), and there established the worship of Jehovah after tlieir corrupt fashion (2 Kings xvii, 27 sq.). See Wit- sius, AfK«0iiAor,- sire de decern tribiihns Jsr. (in his ^Egyptincd, p. 318 sq.) ; Alichaelis, De e.rilio decern iri- buum (in his Commentt. Soc. Gott. Brem. 1774, p. 31 sq.). Compare Israel (Kingdom of). -
EXILE
395
EXILE
■i. Respecting the carrying away of tlie Jeii's in sev- eral colonies, there are various accounts in the Hebrew historical books, whioli modern writers have not care- fully distinguished (see Bauer, Ileb. Gesch. ii, 370 sq. ; Jahn, Archdol. II, i, 19C sq. ; Bertholdt, Zeittafel zum Daniel, p. 503 sq.)- ("•) Hie books of Kings mention onlv two deportations : the first occurred after the sur- render of Jerusalem to Nebuchadnezzar, in tlie time of Jehoiachin (2 Kings xxiv, 14 sq. ; com p. Jer. xxvii, 20 sq. ; in this was involved Mordecai (Esth. ii, G), and it beiel (besides the king himself) the affluent and use- ful citizens, 10,000 and upwards in number (Josephus says 10,832, Ant. x, 7,1); the second was the result of a formal capture of Jerusalem by assault of the Chaldai ins in the time of Zedekiuh, and was effected by Nebuchadnezzar's general (in that prince's I'Jth j-ear) Nabuzaradan (2 Kings xxv, 11). Only the com- mon people, devoted to agriculture, remained (2 Kings xxv, 12, 22). (&.) The books of Chronicles expressly record only the carrj'ing awa}^ under Zedekiah (2 Chron. xxvi, 20), while (ver. 10), in mentioning the transportation of king Jehoiacliin, they saj' nothing of a deportation of the people at that time, (c.) Jer. lii, 28 sq., specifies three distinct carryings away, and as- signs to each not only the number of those deported, but also a date : namely, the first deportation in the 7th year (of Nebucliadnezzar, comp. ver. 29, 30), which consistsd of 3023 Jews ; the second in the 18th of Neb- uch., of 832 chiefs of Jerusalem ; the third in the 23d of Neb., of 745 individuals. Finally (t?.), according to Dan. i, 1, 3 sq., as early as the 3d j'ear of Jehoia- kim's reign, some Jewish youths of noble families ^among them Daniel himself) must have been carried to Babylon. These difficulties (see Ilengstenberg, Genuineness of Daniel [Clarke's ed.], p. 43 sq., against De AVette, in the Hall. Encydop. xxiii, 7 sq. ; Lengerke, Daniel, p. 13 sq.) are readily adjusted by observing, 1st, that the years of Nebuchadnezzar in this passage of Jeremiah liear date from his full accession to the tlirone of Babylon (the beginning of B.C. G04), while those in Kings are reckoned from the epoch of his viceroyship, a little over one year earlier [see Nebu- ch.vdnezzar] ; and, 2dly, that the apparent discre- pancy in the number of citizens transported naturally arises from the different manner in which they are enumerated and classified in the several narratives. Thus viewed, the transactions will appear concisely as follows :