Thus a journey, w Inch the}' might have performed in a few months, they spent forty years in accom- plishing, bringing on themselves unspeakable toil and trouble, and, in the end, death, as a punishment for their gross and sensual appetites, and their unbending indocility to the divine will (Numb, siv, 23 ; xxvi, 65). Joshua, however, gained thereby a great advan- tage, inafuiuch as it was with an entirely new gen- eration that he laid the foundations of the civil and religious institutions of the Mosaic polity in Pales- tine. This advantage may be assigned as the reason why so long a period of years was spent in the wilder- ness.
VIII. Literature. — Besides the incidental treatment of this subject in general works on sacred geography, the writings of travellers through the region in ques- tion, and commentaries on the parts of Scripture re- lating to it, the following special treatises exist : — La- horCiC .^Commentaii-e Gkigraphiqiie sur I'Exode et les Nom- hres (Paris and Leipz. 1841, fol.) ; Hase, Tabula St/nop- fica sfat'onum Jsraelitar?im, etc. (Norimb. 1739, fol.); Bertholdt, i>e rebus a 3fose in JEgypto gesti.t (Erl. 1795, 8vo); Plitt, Die 40 jalirige Eeisen d. IsraeUten (lurch d. Waste (Cassel, 1775, 8vo) ; Calmet, De transfrttaiione Erythra'i (in vol. i, p. 214 sq. of his Dissertations in V. T., Wirceb. 1789, 8vo) ; Benzel, De transitu Israel, per Mare Rubmm (in his Si/ntar/ma Dissertt. ii, 137 sq.) ; Michaelis (ed.), Essai sur I'heure du passage dfs He- hreux de la Mer Rouge (Gottingen, 1758, 8vo) ; Zeil)ich, Durchgang d. IsraeUten, etc. (in his Verm. Eeitr. i, 42 sq.) ; also De dissidio in enarrando itinere Isr. per 3Iare (Yiteb. 1752, 4to); Keimarus, Durchg. d. Israel, durchs rathe Meer (in Lessing's Beitrage, fragm. 3) ; Kichter, Meer dvrch velches d. Israel, gegangen, etc. (Lpz. 1778, 8vo) ; Kleuker, Wonderung d. Israel, durchs rathe Meer ■: ( Frankf. 1778, 8vo) ; ;Moldenhauer, Prvfiing d. dritten I Fragmnits (Ilamb. 1779. 8vo) ; Liiderwald, Ihirchg. d. ]sr'. durchs rathe Meer (Helmst. 1779, Svo) : Doderlein, i Frugmente u. Antifragmente, i, 35-112 ; Kitter, Ueberg.
EXODUS
411
EXODUS
d. Isr. durch d. rofhe Meer (in Henke's Magaz. iv, 291 sq.) ; treatises, De transitu jwjndi Israel, etc., in the Critlci Sucri, Thes.Nuv. i, 274, 292, 300; Auspitz, nx? nni^n (s. l. I8I8, 8vo) ; Dietz, Vestimenta Israel, in deserlo (Wittenb. 1C76, 4to) ; Dorsche, De educt. Is7-ael ex jE(jyi)to (Strasb. lG52,4to) ; Holste,/^er Isr. ex ^Eg. ad Ciiwian (Rost. 1707, ito) ; Klein, Israel's U'ander- ungen (Bamberg, 1839, 8vo) ; liaumcr, Zitg der Isr. aus ^E(/ypto nach Canaan (Leipzig 1837, 8vo); Tliier- bach, id. (ib. eod. 8vo) ; also Diirchg. d. Isr. durch eiaem Theil d- s mi/tell. Mecres (Erfurt, 1830, 8vo) ; Unruh, Zvg der Isr. aus jEg. nach Canaan (Langensl. 18G0, 8vo) : Zinck, De transitu Maris Erythrcei (Augsb. 1778, 4to) ; Banadlus, Itinerarium fdlorum Israel (Antw. 1621, fol.) ; Lightfoot, Itinera Israelitarum (IForfo, ii, 415) ; Anon. Journeys of the Children of Israel (Lond. 1832, 18mo) ; Seaton, Church in the Wilderness (London, 1821, 2 vols. 12mo) ; Alexander, De eocitu ex ^Egypto (Hist. Eccles. ii, 137) ; Bp. lAoyi\,Origins ofjeidsh Church (in Whis- ton's Sacred History., i, 46) ; Berton, L'it'meraire des Is- raelites (Par. 1860, 4to) ; Tischendorf, De Isr. per Mare Rubrum transitu (Lips. 1847, 8vo) ; Miss Corbaux, Exo- dus Papyri (London, 1855, 8vo) ; Krummacher, Israel's Wanderings in the Wilderness (London, 1837-8, 2 vols. 12mo) ; Briim, Israel's Wanderung von Gosen his zum Sinai (Elbeuf, 1859, 8vo) ; Forster, Israel in the Wilder- ness (Lond. 1865, 8vo) ; see the Stud. n. Krit. 1839, ii, 397 sq. ; Jour. Sac. Lit. April, 1859 ; April, 1860. The best maj) of the region where the passage of the Red Sea was effected is Linant's, in the Atlas of the official survej's for the Suez Canal, entitled '■'■ Percement de VIsthme de Suez" (Paris, 1855 sq.). See Wilder- ness.
Ex'odus (Gr."E^o^oe,an eadt; in the Hebrew canon l^lT^d |^5X1, ve-eVleh sheinoth', its initial words, or simply rni2"J ; in the Masora to Gen. xxiv, 8 called "pp'^TJ, see liuxt. Lex. Talm. col. 1325 ^ Vulg. Exodus), the second book of the law or Pentateuch, so called from the principal event recorded in it, nameh', the de- parture of the Isi'aelites from Egpyt. See Exode. With tliis book begins the proper historj- of that peo- ple, continuing it until their arrival at Sinai, and the erection of the sanctuary there.
1. Contents. — 1. Preparation for the Deliverance of Israel from their Bondage in Egypt. — This first section (i, 1-xii, 36) contains an account of the following par- ticulars : The great increase of Jacob's posteritj' in the land of Egj'pt, and their oppression under a new dy- nasty, which occupied the throne after the death of Joseph (ch. i) ; the birth, education, and flight of Moses (ch. ii) ; his solemn call to be the deliverer of his people (iii, 1-iv, 17), and his return to Egypt in consequence (iv, 18-31) ; his first ineffectual attempt to prevail upon Pharaoh to let the Israelites go, which only resulted in an increase of their burdens (v, 1-21) ; a farther prep- aration of Moses and Aaron for their office, together with the account of their genealogies (v, 22-vii, 7) ; the successive signs and wonders, bj' means of which the deliverance of Israel from the land of bondage is at length accomplished, and the institution of the Pass- over (vii, 8-xii, 36).