Fries "called his system 'Philosophical Anthropol- og3',' since he made all further philosophical knowl- edge dependent on man's self-knowledge. He distin- guislied three grades oi Erkcnntniss ; we know (wissen) the phenomena of our subjective thinking; this is the realm of philosophy. We believe (glaitbe7i) that there are appearances— Erscheinungen — out of the mind that all is not a mere subjective creation. We have a feel- ing, a presentiment {rdincn), that there is a reality, a substance behind these appearances ; here Fries places all that pertains to God, the existence of the soul and
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immortality. De Wette had much conversation with ^"rit's, lirst at Jena, then at Heidclberj:;, and to him he essentially owed his transition from the dry Kantian ratiunalisni to the metliod whicli maj^ be most simplj' named the idal-helieving. After listening to this sys- tem, De Wette says that he gathered up, as by magic, his previously scattered knowledge and convictions into a well-ordered and beautiful whole. The philoso- phy- of Fries seemed to commend itself in this, that it preserved the formal, logical reflection of Kant, with- out sharing in the metapliysical insipidity, yea, empti- ness of the contents of that philosophy" (Edwards, in Blhliotlieca Sacra, 18-50, p. 780).
His principal writings are : Hemhoid, Fic/ite u. Schel- ling (Lpz. 1803) : — PkHosophlsche RechtsMtre (Jena, 18U4) : — Sijstem dsr Philosophie (Lpz. 1804): — Wissen, Glauhen und Ahnung (Lpz. 1805): — Neue Kritik der Vcrnunfl (Heidelberg, 1807, 3 vols.; 2d edit. 1830) :— Sys/cin d. Loi/ik (Ljiz. 1811 ; 3d edit. 1837): — Populdre Vorks. uber d. Steriibtnde (Lpz. 1813; 2d edit. 1833) : ■ — Ucber d. Gefdhrdung d. Wohlstandes u. Charukkrs d. Deutschen durch d.Juden (Lpz. 181C) ; — Vom Deutschen Bunde, etc. (Lpz. 1817): — Handhuch der pralctischen Philosophie (Lpz. 1817-32, 2 vols.): — Ilandbuch d. psy- chischeii Anthropolo;/ie (Jena, 1820 ; 2d edit. 1837-39, 2 vols.) : — Die. muthematische, NaturphlhsajMe (Jena, WiT) : — Jidius u. Evagoras (a ])hilosophical novel) (Jena, 1822) : — Die Lehre d. Liebe, d. GI(iuben.% u. d. Iloff- nung (Jena, 1823) : — System d. Metaphygik (.Jena, 1821) : — Poleinische Schriflen (Halle, 1824) : — Die Gesch. der Philoso2)Me, etc. (Halle, 1837-40, 2 vols.). In connec- tion with Schmid and Schriiter, he published the Oppo- sitionschi-ift f. Theologie u. PkUosophie. — Hoefer, Nonv. Biog. Gener. xviii, 87G sq. ; Herzog, Real-Encyklopddie, vii, 355 sq.; Morell, Modern Philosophy, pt. ii, ch. vii.
Fries, Justus Henry, a minister of the German Eeformed Churcli, was born in "Westphalia, Germany, April 24, 1777, and came to America in 1803. He could not pay his passage, and hence became a " Re- deniptioner,' and served a farmer in York County, Pa., three years. Being free, he studied theology with Eev. Daniel Wagner, in Frederick, Md. He was licensed in 1810, and not long afterwards ordained. For two years he served eight congregations in York County, Pa., and in 1812 he removed to Buffalo Valley, in L'nion County, Pa., where he continued the remainder of his life, doing a pioneer work, his labors extending over several counties. He died October 9, 1839. He was noted for his extraordinar}' memorv, his eccentricities of character, his great love of American institutions, his fondness for politics, his active life in the ministry, and his great success in laying the foundation of nu- merous now flourishing German Keformed congrega- tions in the beautiful valleys of the Susquehanna. He preached only in German. (H. H.)
Friese, or Fries, or Frisius, 1\L\rtix, a Jutland theologian, was born at Kiepen in 1G88, and studied the- ology at the University of Copenhagen under Wanda- lin, Masius, and the ex-rabbi Steenbuch. In 1712 he was appointed instructor in philosophj', and in 1717 preacher and confessor to the household of a nobleman. In 1719 he was called to the university at Kiel as third professor of tlieology. Here he lectured especially upon F.xegesis of the Now Testament, and wrote several po- lemiral works. After a visit to the lil)raries at Nurem- l)erg anil Wolfenbiittel, he was, on his return in 1725, promoted to the second professorship, and at nearly the same time was elected Prokanzler, which position he held up to tlie time of his death, August 15, 1750. His ]irincipal works arc : Dissertationes Hi de erroiibns pictornm contra hisioriam sacrum (Copen. 1703-5, 4to) : — Schediasma' de ccErimonia roTi 'tKTnuKjcjtiv rhv Koviof)- Toi> ad Malt. X, 14 (Copen. 1706, Ito): — Dissfrtatio de coKif^iania e.rhortationis Jrenlcer, ad tinioneni inter Evan- ffelicos et reformatos procurandam. kodie factm (Kiel, 1722 and 1733) : — Fundamtnta Theologiie thetiae, selec-
tionibus diciis probantibns eoi-umque, uhi opus est, eregesi et oh.<ervationilms prncipuis instrucia (Hamb. 1724) : — Demonstratio exegetica de nonnidlis valde notatu dignis niodis qulbus V. T. in Novum adlegaiur, pariterque de greeca 70 interpretum versione, etc. (Hamb. 1730, 4to) : — Dissert, de usu et abusu Grwcomm in primis sci'iptorum in illustrandis N. T. vocubulis et dicendi modis (Kiel, 1733). — Hoefer, Xoiii'. Biog. Giner. xviii, 879. (J.W. M.)
Friesland, Frisians. — Friesland, in the wider sense of the word, M-as formerly the name of the whole north-western coast of German}' and the coast of Hol- land, embracing the countrj' from the moutli of the AVeser to the central mouth of the Rhine. It was di- vided by what is now called the Zuyder Zee into West Friesland and East Friesland. The latter was subse- quently again divided into two parts, the country be- tween tlie Zuyder Zee and the Ems, now forming the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen, and the country between the Ems and the Weser, constituting the modern East Friesland, which was until 1744 a separate principalit}', was then united with Prussia, fell in 1815 to Hanover, with the whole of which it was in 18CG again annexed to Prussia. A branch of the Frisians, the North Frisians, inhaljited the western coast of Schleswig and the islands of Heligoland, Fohr and Sylt.