The first Christian missionarj' among the Frisians was bishop Amandus, who entered the country in the train of the conquering Franks. He met with but little success, but established two convents at Ghent, Blandinum and Gandanum. In G3G, Dagobert, king of the Franks, built the first Christian chuich of Fries- land at Utrecht, at that time called Wiltenburg ; and St. Eligius (q. v.), bishop of Noyon, made great efforts to gain a footing for Christianity among the people, but he had likewise but little success. About 675, Adgill I, who ruled over tluit part of Friesland which was not conquered by the Franks, gave permission to the English bishop Wilfrid to preach. The defeat of his successor Eadbod by Pepin of Heristal extended the territorj' of the Franks up to the Yssel and the Fly, and thus opened a wider field to the Christian missionar}'. The English monk Wilbrod was conse- crated by pope Sergius I archbishop of the Frisians, and took up his residence at Wiltenburg. After the death of Pepin in 714, Eadbod made an attempt to shake oft' the yoke of the Franks, and to expel Christi- anity from his territory, but he was again defeated by Charles Martel in 717, and liad to become a Christian himself. He died, liowever, a pagan in 719. Poppo, the guardian of Radbod's minor son, Adgill II, was apparently friendly to Christianity, which found now a ver}' zealous missionary in Winfred (St. Boniface, c]. v.), but when a favorable opportunity seemed to of- fer he risked a new war against tlie Franks, in which, in 734, he lost his life. Adgill II, who received the title of king, but was a vassal of the Franks, openl}"- professed Christianity, but the resistance of the people to tlic new doctrine continued. Adgill II was suc- ceeded by his two sous : first Gundobald, and, later, Radliod 1 1, the latter of whom was a violent opponent of Christianity, and was expelled from the country' by Charlemagne, wlio embodied the whole of Friesland with his em])ire. Christianity at this time was firmly established in the southern part of Friesland. The successor of Wilbrod as bishop of Utrecht, Gregory, established in his episcopal city a theological school, in which many missionaries for Friesland and North- western Germany were educated. Among his as- sistants, Lebuin and AVillehad arc mentioned. The latter was subsequently appointed by Charlemagne l)ishop of Bremen, and in that position he zealously worked for the conversion of the Frisians. AVith him labored for seven j'ears S. Liudger (q. v.), a native of Friesland, and pupil of the school of Utrecht, when the rising of the Saxons under AVittekind was follow- ed by a general revolt of the Frisians. The defeat of
FRIEZE
677
FRINGE
tliis revolt terminated the resistance of the Frisians to the Franks and Christianitj'. Friesland -was now re"-arded as a Christian country, but remnants of pa- ganism maintained themselves until late in the Middle Ages.
At the time of the Reformation, West i riesland was a part of the Netherlands. Into East Friesland, which was ruled by a count, and a part of the German em- pire, the Reformation was introduced by count Edzard I, who, as earh' as 1519, became acquainted with the writings of Luther, and favored the Reformation, with- out, however, using any cosrcive measures against those who preferred to remain in the Church of Rome. Among those who successfully labored in behalf of the Reformation was master Jorgan von der Diire {Magis- ter Aportanus), who had been educated at Zwolle hy the Brethren of the Common Life. After tlie death of Edzard, in February, 1528, his son Enno began to despoil the churches, suppress the convents, and intro- duce the Reformation by force. In 1529, Bugenhagen, at the request of count Enno, sent two Lutheran preachers from Bremen to organize the new adminis- tration of the churches. But already a number of the Protestant ministers and laity had come under the influences of the Anabaptists and Reformed (Zuinglian) views. Count Enno expelled Carlstadt, and ordered all the Anabaptists out of the country ; but the clergy, in 15:;0, could not be prevailed upon to adopt the whole of the Lutheran Cliurch discipline which was laid before them. Several other at- tempts to introduce Lutheranisni by force failed, and the Reformed sj'stem of Zuin- glius maintained tlie ascendenc}-. In lolB, the widow of Enno, countess Anna, who, during the minority of her son, acted as regent, called a distinguished Reformed theologian, Johann a Lasco [see Lasco], to Friesland. He was appointed superin- tendent general, and under his adminis- tration tlie Reformed Church of Friesland attained a high degree of prosperity and reputation. As a refuge of many Protes- tant exiles from France, the Netherlands, and Great Britain, it received the name " Refuge of the oppressed and exiled Church of God." — Herzog, Recd-Eiicykl. iv, (J07; Onno Klopp,Gftsc/i/cAte Osifrleslands (Hanover, 1851-5G, 2 vols.). (A. J. S.)
Frieze, in classical architecture, the middle division of an entablature, lying between the architrave and the cornice. In the Tuscan order it is plain. In the Doric it is divided by three raised flutes, called tri- glyphs, into spaces called metopes, which are usually tilled with sculpture. In the Ionic it is sometimes ornamented witli sculpture ; sometimes the metopes swell out in the middle. In the Corinthian and Com- posite it is ornamented in various wajs, but usually either with flowers or figures. Any horizontal band that is occupied with sculpture is called a frieze by some writers. — Parker, Glossary of A rchitecture, s. v.