Frye, Joseph, a Methodist Episcopal minister of the Baltimore Conference, was born in AVinchester, Frederick Co.jYa., in 1786, of Lutheran parents; was converted under Methodist preaching, and began to ex- hort while young, and entered the itineranc}' in 1809. He retired from the niinistrj' in 1836, and died in Bal- timore ISIay, 1845. Mr. Frye had remarkable powers as a ]ireacher. Hundreds were converted through his preaching. The Eev. Alfred Griffith relates that on one occasion General Jackson (then President of the United States) heard Mr. Frye preach. "The tears ran down tlie President's face like a river ; and, indeed, in this respect, he only showed himself like almost ev- erybody around him. "When the service was closed, he moved up towards the altar with his usual air of dignit}' and earnestness, and requested an introduction to the preacher. Mr. Frj-e stepped down to receive the hand of the illustrious chief magistrate ; but the general, instead of merel}- giving him his hand, threw his arms around his neck, and, in no measured terms of gratitude and admiration, thanked him for his ex- cellent discourse" (Sprague, Annuls, vii, 472). — Min- utes of Cwferences, iv, 8.
Fryiiig-pan (r"l"n"i^, marche'sheth, prop, a holl- er'), a pot for boiling meat, etc. (Lev. ii, 7 ; vi, 9). See Pot. Jarchi says it Avas a deep vessel, so that the oil could not become ignited upon the lire. The Rabbins distinguish it from tlie riiri'S, machahath' , iron "pan," flat plate, or slice (Lev. ii, 5 ; Ezek. iv, 3), and say that the former was concave and deep, though both were used for the same purpose. The Bedouins, and some other Arab tribes, use a shallow earthen vessel, some- what resembling a frying-pan, and which is employed both for frj-ing and baking one sort of bread. See B.VKE. There is also used in Western Asia some mod- ification of this pan, resembling the Eastern oven, which Jerome describes as a round vessel of copper, blackened on the outside by the surrounding fire which lieats it. This baking-pan is also common enough in England and elsewhere, where the villagers bake large loaves of bread under in\erted round iron pots, with eml)ers and slow burning fuel heaped upon them. Something like a deep concave pan may be seen in the paintings of the tombs of Egypt, in their representa- tions of the various processes of cookery [see Cook], which no doubt bears a resemblance to the one used by the Hebrews on this occasion. See Pan.
Fryth, John. See Frith.
Fuel (!^^r?) ohlah', and rbiX^, maalco'leih, both
FUGITIVE
687
FULBERT
general terms for anytbing C07mtmed, whether by eat- iuo- or combustion), l-'rom the extreme scarcity of wuoJ ill many places, the Orientals are accustomed to use almost every kind of combustible matter for fuel ; even the withered stalks of herbs and flowers (Matt, vi, 28, 30), thorns (Psa. Iviii, 9 ; Eccl. vii, 6), and animal- excrements are thus used (Ezek. iv, 12-15; xv, 4, G; xxi, 32 ; Isa. ix, 5, ID). Prof. Ilackett speaks of seeing the inhabitants of Lebanon picking up died (jruss, roots and all, for fuel, and says that it even becomes an arti- cle of traffic {lUust. n/Smp/. p. 131). The inhabitants of Baku, a port of the Caspian, are supplied with scarce- ly any other fuel than that obtained from the naphtha and petroleum with which the neighboring countrj' is highly impregnated. The Arabs in Egypt draw no inconsiderable portion of their fuel, with which they cook their victuals, from the exhaustless mummv-pits so often described by travellers. "Wood or charcoal is still, as it was anciently, chiefly emplo3ed in the towns of Egypt and Sj-ria. The roots of the rothein, a spe- cies of the broom-plant (called in the English Bible "juniper"), which abounds in the deserts, are regard- ed by the Arabs as yielding the best charcoal (Job XXX, 4; Psa. cxx, 5). Although the coal of the an- cients was that obtained from charring wood (but fos- sil coal from Liguria and Elis was occasionally used by smiths, Theophrastus, Frag, ii, Gl, edit. Schneider), yet the inhabitants of Palestine now to some extent use anthracite coal, which crops out in some parts of Lebanon (Kitto, Phys. Hist. p. 67). See Coal. Wood, however, is their chief article of fuel, especially at Je- rusalem, and it is largely brought from the region of Hebron (Tobler, Denkhlulter aiis Jerusalem., p. 180). See Wood. As chimneys are but little known in the East, apartments are warmed in cold weather by means of pans, chafing-dishes, or braziers of va- lious kinds, and either of metal or earthen-ware, which are set in the middle of the room after the fire of wood which it contains has been allowed to burn for some time in the open air, till the flame and smoke have passed away. Charcoal is also extensive- ly employed for the same purpose (Jer. xxxvi, 22). Grates are not known even where chimnej'S are found, but tlie fuel is burnt on the hearth, or against the back of the chimney. In cottages, a fire of wood or animal dung is frequently burnt upon the floor, either in the middle of the room or against one of the 'side walls, with an opening above for the escape of the smoke. It is also common to have a fire in a pit sunk in the floor, and covered with a mat or carpet, so as not to be distinguished from any other portion of the floor. In all cases where wood is scarce, animal dung is used for fuel in the East. Cow-dung is considered much pref- erable to any other, but all animal dung is considered valuable (Ezek. iv, 15). When collected it is made into thin cakes, which are stuck against the sunny side of the houses, giving them a curious and rather unsightly appearance. When it is quite dry and falls off, it is stored away in heaps for future use. It is much used for baking, being considered preferable to any other fuel for that purpose. See Fire.