Fulda, Monastery of, a celebrated convent, es- tablished in 7-J4 b}' Boniface, and one of his pujiils named Sturm. The latter, a young man of good fam-
FULDA MANUSCRIPT
689
FULGENTIUS
ilv, having decided on becoming a hermit, was sent by Boniface to search out a spot in the forest of Buchonia, secure from the inroads of the Saxons. Sturm set out with two companions, and finall}^ selected a ph)t of land on the banks of tlie Fulda, which was given them bv duke Karlmann. In January, 744, Sturm and sev- en companions took possession, and immediately com- menced improving and building. The convent was or'T-anized on the plan of Monte Cassino, after the rule of St. Benedict, and Sturm became its first abbot. In Nov. 4, TSi.popo Zachariali exempted it from episcopal jurisdiction. Tiie convent prospered rapidly, its in- mates numbaring 400 before Sturm's death in 779. Its prosperity still increased under Sturm's successor, Bangulf. Both Pepin the Short and Charlemagne were very liberal towards this convent, which in its turn did great good in disseminating the knowledge of agriculture as well as literature throughout the sur- rounding country. Its celebrated theological school was particularly prosperous under Flalianus Maurus, who afterwards became abl)ot of Fulda. There were twelve seniors or sub-instructors, and the scholars were instructed in grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, the- ology, and the German language. Nor were either fine or mechanical arts overlooked, for the convent produced both clever artists and talented artisans. Under the abbot Werner (9G8 to 982), Fulda became the first among the abbeys of Germany and France. Otto I named its abbots arch-chancellors of the em- pire. In 1.S31 the duke John of Ziegenhein led the citizens of Fulda to assault the convent, but the assail- ants were overpowered and their leaders put to death. The Reformation at first made an impression in the convent, but abbot Balthasar succeeded in 1573 in checking the progress of evangelical doctrines within its walls. In 1631 Fulda was subjected to Sweden, and an attempt was made to introduce Protestantism into the district, but, after the defeat of Nordlingen, the Roman Catholic abbots resumed their swa)^ In 1809, Fulda, which six 3'ears before had become a principal- ity of the prince of Orange, was by Napoleon I an- nexed to the grand-duchy of Frankfort, but Prussia finall}^ joined it in 1815 to the electorate of Hesse-Cas- sel, of which it remained a part until the incorporation of tliat countr\', in 18G6, with Prussia. See Brower, Antiq. Fuld. lib. iv (Antwerp, 16) ; Dronke, Traditiones et Anfiqidtafes Fiddenses (Fulda, 1844) ; Niedner, Zcit- schrift f. hist. Theol. (1846) ; Herzog, Real-EncyUnp. iv, 624 ; McLear, Christian Missions in the Middle Ages, p. 214.
Fulda Manuscript {Codex Fuldensis), one of the best copies of the early Latin version, containing the whole N. T., written by order of Victor, bishop of Ca- pua, A.D. 546, and now in the Abbey of Fulda, in Hesse-Cassel. The Gospels are arranged in a kind of harmony. It was described by Schaunat ( Vindemuc Literarite Collectio, 1723, p. 218), collated by Lachmann and Buttmann in 1839 for the Latin portion of the N. T., and has been edited by Em. Ranke (Marb. 1867, 8vo) — Scrivener, Tntrod. p. 264 ; Tregelles, in Home's Jnti-od. iv, 254. See Latin Versioxs.
Fulfil (usually H,h^, miUe\ TrXrjpow, to fll up), generally used with reference to the accomplishment of prophecy. It is used in the O. T. with respect to va- rious kinds of prophecies, such as are imminent (e. g. the death of Jeroboam's child, 1 Kings xiv, 17), or dis- tant (e. g. that referring to the rebuilding of Jericho, 1 Kings xvi, 34) ; those that are accomplished in a near as well as in a remote event [see Double Sense], those that relate to some similar tj'pical occurrence class, or character [see Type], proverbial expressions [see Proverb], and especially predictions relating to the Messiah. Several distinguished scholars consider that some texts in the N. T. containing references to the O. T., and introduced by the formulas, "All this was done that it might he fuljiUtd which was spoken of III.— X X
the Lord by the prophet (Matt, i, 22 ; ii, 15) ; " For thus it is written bj' the prophet" (INIatt. ii, 5) ; " Then wits fulfilled that which was spoken" (Matt, ii, 17), may be mere allegations, without its being intended to de- clare that the literal fulfilment took place on the occa- sion described. Even if tliose passages could not be applied to certain events, otherwise than by accommo- dation or illustration, the phrases which introduce them will easily bend to that exi)lanation ; for it m-dy be shown, by examples from the Rabbins and from the earliest Syriac writers, that in the East similar modes of speech have alwaj's been in use. See Accoruio- DATioN. It is to be observed, however, concerning the formulas '■'■that it might he fulfilled,^'' " then was ful- filled,''' etc., when used with reference to the fulfilment of prophecy in the New Testament, the events are not to be understood as happening mcrelj' for the purpose of making good the predictions, but rather that in or bj- this event was fulfilled the prophecy. Tiie ambi- guity in the understanding of the first of these formu- las arises from what are technically called the telle and the echatic uses of the Greek particle 'iva. It is also to be noted that the individuals or nations actualh' en- gaged in fulfilling prophecy often had no such inten- tion, or even any knowledge that they were doing so. See Stuart, in Biblical liepos. 1835, p. 86 ; Woods, Lec- tures on Inspiration, p. 26; Pye Smith, Piinciples of Prophetic Interpretation, p. 51, and others. Some, how- ever (e. g. Davidson, Sacred Ilermeneutics, p. 471 sq.), contend that the phrase 'iva ■jrXijfHoSrtj, " that it might be fulfilled," and similar expressions in both the Heb. and Gr. Scriptures, alwaj's designate an intentional and definite fulfilment of an express prediction {Melh. Qurir. Rev. April, 1867, p. 194). See Prophecy.