Fnlke, William, D.D., a famous Puritan divine, was born in London, and went in 1555 to St. John's College, Cambridge, of which he became fellow in 1564. He spent six years at Clifford's Inn, studying law, but preferred letters, and especially theology. " He took orders, but, being suspected of Puritanism, as he was the intimate friend of Cartwright, then jiro- fcssor of divinity, he Avas expelled from college. The earl of Leicester presented him in 1571 to the living of Warley, in Essex, and two years after to'Keding- ton, in Suffolk. He afterwards took hig degree of D.D. at Cambridge, and, as chaplain, accompanied tlie earl of Lincoln wlieii he Avent as ambassador to France,
and on his return he Avas made master of Pembroke Hall, and Margaret professor. He died in 1589. '• In force of argument and criticism he Avas one of the ablest divines of his time, and one of the principal op- ponents of the Roman Church'' (Darling). His writ- ings, Avhich Avere very numerous, both in Latin and English, were directed chieflj' against Popery. The most important of them are the Lkemes Translation of the New Testament, and the authorized English Version, with the Arguments of Bookes, Chapteis, and Annota- tions (f the lihemists, and Dr. Eu'ke's Confutation of all such Arguments, Glasses, and Annotations (first edition, 1580 ; often reprinted ; last. ed. liy Hartshorne, Cam- bridge, 1843, 8vo ; New York, 1834, 8vo) -.—Defence of the sincere and true Translation of the Scriptures, against Gregory Martin (neAV edit, bj' Parker SocietA', Camb. 1843, 8vo) : — Ansicers to Stdpkton, Martiall, and San- ders (on the controversy with Koine, reprinted by the Parker Society, Cambridge, 1848, 8vo).
FuHeniiis, Bernardus, was bom in 1602. He pursued his collegiate course at the University of Fra- neker. He devoted himself specially to the study of the Hebrew and mathematics. His proficiency in both studies Avas great. AVhen onh' tAventy-scA'en he Avas appointed to fill the chair made vacant by the death of the distinguished Orientalist, Sixtinus Ama- ma. He accepted the appointment, and in 1630 he entered upon the discharge of its duties. For seven years he filled the office Avith fidelity and acceptance. The professorship of mathematics was then tendered to him, and the celebrated Cocceius appointed him his successor in the department of Oriental literature. He Avas one of the committee appointed by the Synod of Dort to rcAHse the ncAv translation of tlie Nbat Tes- tament. An edition of J. Drusii Commen/aria ad li- brum Cohek/h Salomonis et Jobi was brought out under his editorial supervision, and Avith prefaces jirepared by him. See Glasius, Godgcleerd Nedtrland, i Deel, biz. 479; G. Brandt, Historic der Reformatie, etc., iii Deel, biz. 53 (Rotterdam, 1704). (J. P.A^^)
Fuller (03^) lobes', from 022, to tread [comp. Gesenius, Monum. Than. p. 181] ; yva(pei<c). The art of the fuller is beyond doubt of great antiquitA', and '^eems to have reached at an earlj' period a compara- tive degree of perfection. Verj' scantj' materials, liOAveA'er, exist for tracing its progress, or for ascer- taining exactly, in any particular age or country (see Pliny, A ii, 57), Avhat substances Avere employed in the art, and a\ hat methods were resorted to for the purpose of making them eflectual. At the transfiguration our SaA'iour's robes are said to haA'e been Avhite, "so as no fuller on earth could Avhite them" (iMark ix, 3). Else- where we read of " fullers' soap" (Mai. iii, 2), and of "the fullers' field" (2 Kings xviii, 17). Of the pro- cesses followed in the art of cleaning cloth and the A'a- rious kinds of stuff among the Jcavs Ave have no direct knowledge. In an early part of the operation they seem to have trod the cloths Avith their feet (Gesenius, Thes. p. 1261), as the Hebrew Ain-Pogcl, or En-rogel, literally Foot-fountain, has been rendered, on Rabbin- ical authority, " Fullers' fountain," on the ground that the fullers trod the cloths t.liere Avith their feet (comp. Host, Marokko, p. 116). They Avere also rubbed Avith the knuckles, as in modern Avashing (Synes. Ep. 44; compare Euseb.///.s'/. &c/. ii,l, 2). A subsequent o])eration Avas probably that of rubbing the cloth on an inclined plane, in a mode Avhich is figured in the Egyptian paintings (Wilkinson, ii, 106. abridgm.), and still preserved in the East. It seems from the abo\-e notices that the trade of the fullers, as causing offen- sive smells, and also as requiring space for drj'ing clothes, Avas carried on at Jerusalem outside the city (comp. Martial, vi, 93; Plaut. Asin. v, 2, 67). A full- ers' toun (officina fullonis) is mentioned in the Talinu- dical Avritors (Midrash, Kohel. xci, 2) by tlie name of ri^dstn r'^3, " house of maceration." So f;ir as it m
FULT^R'S SOAP
691
FULLER'S GATE
ters' clay or marl (Hoffmann, Handh. d. Min- eral, II, ii, 230 sq.), with ■which the poor at IJonie rubbed their clothes on festival days to make them appear brighter (Pliny, xxxi, 10, § 118; XXXV, 17). Sulphur, which was used at liome for discharging positive color (Plin. XXXV, 57), was abundant in some parts of Palestine, but there is no evidence to show that it was used in the fullers' trade. Tlie powerful cleansing properties of borith or soap are employed by the prophet Malachi as a figure under which to represent the prospec- tive results of Messiah's appearance (JIal. iii, Ancient Kgyptiuii lulkr.-, 1, 2: », b. Inclined tables; c, c. Tlie water 2). See Beckmann, JHsi. of Inv. ii,_92, lOG, runnins off intu tlie trougli beluw ; d. A stone ut^ed for rubbing tlie edit. Bohn ; Saalschiitz, i, b, 14, 32 ; ii, H, 6;