consul Cn. Manlius (Livy, xxxviii; Polyb. xsii, 24), though still governed by their own princes. Their goverument was originally republican (Pliny, v, 42), but at lengtli regal (Strabo, xii, 390), Deiotarus being their first king (Cicero, pro Deiot. 13), and the last Amj'ntas (Dio Cass, xlix, 32), at whose death, in the year B.C. 25, Galatia became a jjrovince under the empire (see Ritter, Erdkiinde, xviii, 597-610).
Coin of Galatia, with tlie Head of the Uunian Emperor.
The Roman province of Galatia niaj^ be roughlv de- scribed as tlie central region of the peninsula of Asia IMinor, with the yjrovinces of Asia on the west, Cappa- docia on the east, Pamphylia and Cilicia on tlie south, and Bithynia and Pontus on the north (Strabo, xii, 566; Pliny, v, 42; Ainmian. Marcell. xxv, 10). It would be difficult to define the exact limits. In fact, they were frequently changing. (See Smith's Diet, of Class. Georjr. s. v.) Under the successors of Augus- tus, the boundaries of Galatia were so much enlarged that it reached from the shores of the Euxine to the Pisidian Taurus. In the time of Constantine a new division was made, which reduced it to its ancient lim- its ; and by Thcodosius I, or Valens, it was separated into Gdlalia Prima, the northern part, occu]iied bj"- the Trocmi and Tectosages, and Galatia SeiUhda, or Salidaris: Ancyra was the capital of the former, and Pessinus of tlie latter. Thus at one time there is no doubt that this province contained Pisidia and Lyca- onia, and therefore those towns of Antioch, Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe, which are conspicuous in the nar- rative of Paul's travels. But the characteristic part of Galatia laj- northward from those districts. On the mountainous (Flor. ii, 12), but fruitful (Strabo, xii, 567) table-land between the Sangarius and the Halys, the Galatians were still settled in their three tribes, the Tectosages, the Tolistobogii, and the Trocmi, the first of which is identical in name with a tribe fan.iliar to us in the historj' of Gaul, as distributed over the Ce- vennes near Toulouse (Ca;sar, Bdl. Gall, iv, 24 ; coinp. Jablonsk}', De lingua Lycaonica, p. 23 sq.). The three capitals were respectively Tavium, Pessinus, and An- cyra. The last of these (tlic modern Angora) was the centre of the roads of the district, and may be regard- ed as the metropolis of the Galatians. These Eastern Gauls preserved much of their ancient character, and something of their ancient language. At least Jerome savs that in his day the same language might be heard at Ancyra as at Treves : and he is a good witness, for he himself had been at Treves. The prevailing speech, however, of the district was Greek (Livy, xxxvii, 8 ; xxxviii, 12; Flor. ii, 11; see Spanheim, ad Callim. Del. 184). Hence the Galatians were called Gallo- grieci (JIanlius in Livy, xxxviii, 17). The inscriptions found at Ancyra are Greek, and Paul wrote his epistle in Greek. (See Penny Cyclopedia, s. v. Celtw, Gala- tia ; Mannert's Gtor/raphie der Gritchen uiid Romcr, vi, 3, eh. 4 ; IMerleker's Lehrhnch der Jlistorisehcomj)ara- tiren Genf/raphie, iv, 1, p. 284.)
It is difficult, at first sight, to determine in what sense the word Galatia is used by the writers of the N. T., or wiietlier always in the same sense. In the Acts of the Apostles the journeys of Paul througli the district are mentioned in veiy general terms. We are simply told (Acts xvi, 6) that on his second missionary circuit lie went with Silas and Tiniotlieus "through I'lirygia and the region of Galatia" {via rijv ^pvyiav Kui ri/v
GALATIAN
Yll
GALATIANS
raXaTiic))v \'W|Crt)'). From the Epistle, indeed, we have this supplementary information, that an attack of sick- ness ((Ji' aaO'eviun' ri'ii; aaKpoi^, Gal. iv, 13) detained him among the Galatiaiis, and gave him the opportunit}' of preaching the Gospel to them, and also that he was re- ceived b}' them witli extraordinarj' fervor (it). 14, 15) ; but tliis docs not inform us of tlie route which he took. So on the tliird circuit he is described (Acts xviii, 23) as " t?oin>^ over all the country' of Galatia and Phrygia in Qrduv'\ciiijxo/-av0i2 Kudit^i'iQ ri]v ruXuTiKi/v xojpav Kn'i 'i'ftvyUii'). We know from the first Epistle to the Corinthians that on this journey Paul was occupied with the collection for the poor Christians of Jucltea, and that he gave instructions in Galatia on the subject (wTTTtp Idra'^a rcng iKK\i]!TiaiQ tiiq VaXciTiac, 1 Cor. xvi, 1) ; but here again wc are in doubt as to the places which he had visited. AVc observe that the " church- es" of Galatia are mentioned here in the plural, as in the opening of the Epistle to the Galatians themselves (Gal. i, 2). From this we should be inclined to infer that he visited several parts of the district, instead of residing a long time in one place, so as to form a great central church, as at Ephesus and Corinth. This is in harmony with the phrase // VaXnTiici) X't'^pn, used in both instances. Since Phrygia is mentioned first in one case, and second in the other, we should suppose that the order of the journej' was different on the tv/o occasions. Phrygia also being not the name of a Ro- man province, but simply an ethnographical term, it is natural to conclude that Galatia is used here by Luke in the same general way. In confirmation of his view, it is worth while to notice that in Acts ii, 9, 10, where the enumeration is ethnographical i-ather than political, Phrygia is mentioned, and not Galatia, while the exact contrary is the case in 1 Pet. i, 1, 2, where each geographical term is the name of a prov- ince (see Convbeare and Howson, Lije and Epistles of St. Paul, i, 2-1.3).