written subsequent to such events. But even as re- gards matters of fact, the existence of anachronisms requires to be placed beyond doubt, before they can have any weight in such a case, just because of the improbability of a writer who wished his work to pass as that of an earlier age allowing such contradictions. To notice, however, a few examples : Hebron (Gen. xiii, 18 ; xxiii, 2), it is alleged from Josh, xiv, 15 ; xv, 13, was not so named until the entrance into Canaan, its ancient name being Kirjath-Arba (Gen. xxiii, 2). That Hebron was the original name appears from the fact that on its first mention it is so designated. In Abraham's time it was also called Mamre (xxiii, 19), from an Amoritish prince of that name (xiii, 18; xiv, 13). ■ Subsequently, but prior to the Mosaic age, the Anakim possessed the place, when it received the name of Kirjath-Arba, or the city of Arba, "a great man among the Anakim" (Josh, xiv, 15). The place Dan (Gen. xiv, 14), it is also alleged, received that name only in the time of the judges from the tribe of Dan, its original name being Laish or Leshem (Josh, xix, 47 ; Judg. xviii, 29). The localities, however, are by many thought to be quite distinct; the former being Dan-Jaan, between Gilead and the country round about Zidon (2 Sam. xxiv, 16), the adjunct Jaan being in- tended to distinguish it from Dan-Laish in the same neighborhood. See Dan. In Genesis, these critics further add, frequenth' occurs the name Bethel (xii, 8 ; xxviii, 19 ; xxxv, 15) ; while even in the time of Joshua, the place was as yet called Luz (Josh, xviii, 13). But the name Bethel was not first given to the place by the Israelites in the time of Joshua, there be- ing no occasion for it, since Bethel was the old patri- archal name, which the Israelites restored in the place of Luz, a name given by the Canaanites. The ex- planator}"^ remarks added to the names of certain places, as "Bela, which is Zoar" (Gen. xiv, 2, 8); "En-mish- pat, which is Kadesh" (ver. 7), and some others, the opponents of the genuineness regard as indications of a later age, not considering that these explanations were required even for the Mosaic age, as the ancient designations were forgotten or rarely used. For prov- ing them to be anachronisms, it must be shown that the new names were unknown in the time of Moses, though with the exception of "the king's dale" (xiv, 17), which does not again occur till 2 Sam. xviii, 16, all the names are referred to as well known in the books of the period immediately succeeding. The no- tice that "the Canaanite was then in the land" (xii, G; xiii, 7), is thought to imply that the Canaanites were still in possession of Palestine, and so could not have been written till after their expulsion. But such is not the import of the passage. The descent of the Canaanites from Ham, and their progress from the south towards Palestine, had been described (x, 15-19), and they are now represented as in possession of the land to which the " sons of Eber" were advancing from an opposite point. Standing in connection with the promise of the land to Abraham, this notice contrasts the present with the promised future. The passage (Gen. XV, 18) where the land of Israel is descrilied as extending from the river of Egypt (the Nile) to the great river (Euphrates), it is alleged, could only have Ijeen penned during the splendid period of the Jews, tlie times of David and Solomon. Literullij taken, however, the remark is inapplicable to any period, since the kingdom of the Jews at no period of their historj' extended so far. That promise must, there- fore, be taken in a rhetorical sense, describing the cen- tral point of the proper country as situated between the two rivers. The remark, "Before there reigned any king over the children oi Israel" (xxxvi, 31), could not have been made, it is maintained, until the establishment of the Hebrew monarchy — an assump- tion which overlooks the relation of this statement to the ];romises of a royal posterity to the patriarchs, and especially that in an immediately preceding passage
GENESIS
(84
GENESIS
(xxxv, 11). It stands in a relation similar to Dent, xvii, 14, where the erection of a kingdom is viewed as a necessary step in Israel's development. This ex- planation will of course not satisfy those who hold that in a simple historical style, a statement having such proplietical reference "is not only preposterous, but impossible" (Kalisch, Genesis, p. GUI); but against ra- tionalistic prepossessions of this kind there is no ar- guing.— Kitto, s. v. ; Smith, s. v. ; Fairbairn, s. v.
VI. Commentaries. — The following are expresslj' on the whole of this book, the most important being des- ignated by an asterisk (*) prefixed: Origen, Comme.n- taria (in 0pp. ii, 1) ; also Ilomilire (lb. ii, 52) ; Chrysos- tom, llomiliui (in OpjT. iv, 3; also \JSpuria] ib. vi, 619); and Sermones (jh. iv, 74G, 79G) ; Jerome, Qucesiiones (in 0pp. iii, 301) ; Kucherius, Commenturia (in Bibl. Max. Fair, vi) ; Isidore, Commentaria. (in 0pp. p. 283) ; Da- niianus, Expositio (in 0pp. iii, 889) ; Bede, Erposido (in 0pp. iv, 19) ; also Qwesiionts (ib. viii, 78); Alcuin, Jn- ferror/atioties (Haguenau, 1529, 8vo ; also in 0pp. I, ii, 803) ; Angelomus, Commentarius (in Pez, Thesaitr. IV, i, -io); liemigius, Commentarius (ib. IV, i, 1); Hugo, Annotationes (in 0pp. i, 8); Rupert, Commeniarii (in 0pp. i, 1); Aquinas, Expositio (Antwerp, 1572, Lngd. 1573, 8vo; Paris, 1G41, fol.) ; Qicolampadius, ^fZ?ioto- tiones (Basil. 1523, 1536, 8vo); Zwingle, Adnotationes (Tigur. 1527; also in 0pp. iii, 4); Zeigler, Commenia- rii (Basil. 1540, fol.) ; Frusius, Adsertiones (Rom. 1541, fol.); *Lnther, Enarraiiones (by different eds., part i, Vitemb. 1544, fol. ; ii-iv, Norib. 1550-4 ; together, Francof. 1545-50, 8vo, and later; also in Op. Exec/. I, ii; in English, London, 1855, 8vo) ; Melanchthon, (7o??i- meniarius (in Opp. ii, 877) ; Musculus, Commentaria (Basil. 1554, 15()5, 1600, fol.); Honcala, Commentarins (Complut. 1555, fol.); Chj-trajus, Commentarius (Vi- temb. 1557, 1558, 1590, 8vo); *Marloratus, E.iposiiio (Par. 15G2 ; .Alorg. 1568, 1580, 1584, fol. ; Genev. 1580, 8vo) ; *Calvin, In Genesim (in Opp. i ; also tr. Lond. 1578, 4to ; also ib. 1847-50, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Strigel,-S'cAo- lia (Lips. 1566, 1574, 8vo) ; Selnccker, Commentarins (Lips. 1569, fol.) ; Martyr, Commentarius (Tigur. 1572, 1579,1595; Heidelb. 1606, fol.); Brentius, Commenta- rii (in Opp. i) ; Brocard. Inierpretaiio [mystical] (L. B. 1580, 8vo; ib. 1584, 4to ; Bremen, 1585, 1593, '4to); Fabricius, Commentarius (Lips. 1584, 1592, 8vo ; 1596, Argent. 1584, 4to); *Pererius [Romanist], Commenta- lius (Rom. 1589-1598, 4 vols, fol.; Colon. 1601, 1606, Ven. 1607, fol.; Lugd. 1616, 4 vols. 4to; and later); Mus£Eus, Auslfgung(^l2^g(\lA^. 1595, fol.) ; ^Martinengus, Glossa (Patav. 1597, 2 vols, fol.); Daabitz, Predigien (Lpz. 1597, 8vo) ; INIercer, Commentarius (Genev. 1598, fol.); Kalmankas, brXtl ^50 (Lublin, s. a. fol.); Ilammelmann, Adnotationes (h\]}S. 1600, fol.); Stella, Commentaria (Rom. 1601, fol.) ; Schmuck, Auslegung (Lpz. 1603-9, in 8 pts. 4to) ; Gesner, Dispufcitiones (Vi- temb. 1604, 1613, 1629, 4to); Lyscr, Commenlarius (in 6 ])ts.. Lips. 1G04 sq., 4to) ; *Willet, Sixfold Commen- iar;i (F^ondon, 1605, fol.) ; Delrio, Commentar-ii (Lugd. 1608, 4to); Runge, Pra-lectiones (Vitemb. 1608, 8vo) ; Parens, Commentarius (Francof. 1609, 1614, 4to) ; Ge- dick, Auslegung (Lpz. IGll, 1632, fol.); De Petiglian, Commentaria (Ven. 1G16, 4to) ; Ferdindez, Commenta- tiones (Lugd. 1618-28, 3 vols, fol.) ; Babington, Xotes (in Works, i) ; Mersennus, Qwrps^/owe-s [polemical] (Par. 1623, fol.); Garzia, Di.$cns.do (CaBsarang. 1G24, fol.); Biihme, ErHdnmg [mystical] (s. 1. 1624; also in his other works) ; Rivetus, Excrcitationes (L. B. 1633, 4to) ; Gerhard, Commentarius (Jen. 1637, 1654, 1693, 4to) ; De la Ilaye, Cummentarii (Lugd. 1638, Par. 1651, 1663, 2 vols, fol.); Sylvius, Commentarius (Duaci, 1639, 4to) ; Lightfoot, Obseifations (\.owd. 1642; also in Worlcs, ii, 329) ; and Annotatitmes (ib. x, 532) ; Gaudcntius, Cona- tus (Pisis, 1644, 4t()) ; Cartwright, Adnotationes [from Targums] (Lond. 1648, 8vo;,also in Critici Sacri, i) ; Rivet, Exercitationes (in Opp. i, 1) ; Terser, Adnotatio- nes (L'psal. 1657, fol.) ; Chemnitz, Disputationes (Jen.