II. The second class of glosses is due to the habit, as old perhaps as tlie art of writing itself, of readers inscribing on the margin of MSS. or books observa- tions of their own, exj)lanatory or otherwise of the text. This was especially the case with the sacred books, partly because after the establishment of Chris- tianity' they were more read than other books, parth' because their contents gave abundant occasion for the- ological, historical, or philological annotation. Hence, from an earlj' period, marginal notes intended to illus- trate in some way the text came to have a place in the codices containing the sacred books. At first very brief, often confined to a single word, these glosses grew into more extended remarks, written in a smaller hand on the margin, and sometimes between the lines of the codex. In the ancient Hebrew codices these marginal notes were the source of not a few of the Keri readings ; and the glosses on the margins of the cod- ices of the Sept. and the N. T. have given rise to many of the various readings which exist in both of these. It is believed also, as marginal notes are apt to be transferred, by ignorant or careless copyists, into the text, that some such interpolations are to be found in the received text of the N. T., and it is considered to be one of the problems which criticism has to solve to detect these, and eliminate them. The exercise of a sound and cautious judgment, however, is required to preside over this, lest rash and unauthorized altera- tions be made (Valckenaer, Dissert, de Glossis Sacris [Franeq. 1737] ; J. A. Ernesti, De vera usu et indole Glos- sarlorum Gr. [Lug. Bat. 1742]; Tittmann, De Glossis N. T. cestimandis etjudicandis [Wittenb. 1782] ; Wassenb. De Glossis N. T., prefixed to Valckenaer's Scholia in Li- hros quosdam N. T. [Amst. 1795] ; Bornemann, De Glos- semat. N. T. caute dijudicandis, in his Scholia ad Luc. Evang. 1830). It has been proposed to restrict the term gloss to the marginal annotations as such, and to use glosseme to designate those which are supposed to have been introduced into the text ; but the usage of writers is not uniform in this respect.
The longer marginal a.wnciti\tiows-{(jlossreMarginales) were made principally on the text of the Vulgate. These were of various kinds ; some grammatical, some historical, some theological, some allegorical and mys- tical. Tlie most famous collection of these is that made in the 9th century by Walafrid Strabo from tlie writings of Augustine, Ambrose, Jerome, Gregory', Isi- dore, IJede, Alcuin, and Kabanus Maurus, with addi
GLOSSES AND GLOSSATORES 889
GNAT
tions by himself. This became the great exegetical thesaurus of the Middle Ages, and was known as the (j'lossa Ordinaria. Of notes written between the lines (Glnssoi Interlineares), a collection was made by Anselm of Laon in the beginning of tlie I'ith century'. Both these works were printed together aljout tlie end of the loth century, 4 vols. foL ; tiiey have often been reprint- ed since, with the conimentar}' of Lyra. Other glossa- ries are those of Peter the Lombard on the Psalms(Par. 1535) ; of H iigo and S. Caro (^Postilke in universa Biblia, Ven. 1487, fol.) — Kitto, s. v. ; Davidson in Home's In- trod, ii, 252 ; Herzog, Real-Eiicyklop. v, 188.
Glosses and Glossatores of the Roman and canon law. In the T-'tli century the lionian law, which after the downfall of the Western Roman em- pire had retained but little of its former importance, was again brought into notice, and studied with great zeal. The law school of Bologna, founded towards the end of the 11th century or the beginning of the r2th b}^ Irnerius (Warnerius, Guarneriiis), was the centre of this new movement. The reputation of the school and of its professors brought students from all parts of Europe to Bologna. The activity of the teach- ers did not confine itself to the expounding of the sources of the law, but also made these researches the foundation of a literary activitj', and created a bod}' of Glossat07-es (Glossarists), so called. The written in- terpretation of the Corpus jiais appeared in the form of glosses, consisting sometimes in the explanation of some particular word or expression, sometimes in full and complete elucidations, and tliis sometimes between the lines of the text (interlinear glosses), sometimes on the margin (jnarr/inal glosses). Besides these the glossatores also wrote sumnue, reviews of the contents of some particular chapter of law ; casns, real or imag- inary cases intended as illustrations of particular points in connection with quwstiones and distinciiones ; and also brocarda or hrocardica, etc. (see Savigny, Gesch. des Ji'iJm. Ii. i. Mittdaltcr., iii, 537-574, 2d ed."). This literary activity of the glossatores of Roman law was an example for scientific treatment of canon law, which afterwards (in the 12th centurj') gave rise in Bologna and in Paris to lectures on the subject, and thus by the side of tlie legists rose the schools of the canon- ists, the decretists, and the decretalists. A number of tlie pupils and disciples of Gratian (q. v.) com- posed glosses (probably interlinear) on his Dccretum. Among the oldest of these glossatores was Sicardus of Cremona, who was made bishop of Cremona in 1185. When the number of glosses in diflfercnt MSS. became veiy great, it was naturally found expedient to collect and arrange them. This labor was undertaken by John Teutonicus, who wrote in 1212 a commentary on the Decretiim, compiled from the glosses of his prede- cessors, and this ApjMratus, augmented and improved by Bartholomew of Brescia about 1236, became the Glossa ordinaria; i. e. was indorsed by the school, ap- pended to the MS. copies of the Becretum, and subse- iiuently printed with it. Glosses on the collection of decretals of Gregory IX were written by Vincentius Ilispanus (about 1240), Goffredus Tranensis (f 1245), and Sinibaldus Fliscus, who afterwards sat on the pon- tifical throne (1243-54) under the name of Innocent IV. From these glosses Bernhai-d de Botono of Par- ma (f 1206) compiled his Apparatus, which was also recognised as glossa ordinaria. Among the glossato- res of the Liber sextvs are to be named Johannes Mona- chus (t 1318), Guido de Ba3'sio, and Johannes Andrea; (t 13-18). Tlie glosses of the latter were originally written in his j'outh ; he afterwards improved them, and they have been copied and printed as f/lossa; ordi- narix. He also wrote the first glosses on the Clemen- tines, and they were also recognised as ffloss:r ordina- riir. Among the other glossatores of the same collec- tion we remark Zenzelinus de Cassanis, a teacher of Toulouse, Johannes de Lignano, Petrus de Ancharano, Franciscus Zabarella (f 1417), etc. The glosses on