the Kxtravagantes were the work partly of Gulielmus de monte Lauduno, and partly of Johannes Monachus. Those on the collection of John XXII were chiefly by Zenzelinus de Cassanis. The glosses have to this day great scientific value for the historj' of law. They have also exerted an important influence in the prac- tice of tlie law. See Sarti, De claris archigymnasii Bonon. profess iribns, t. i, p. i, ii (Bonon. 170'J, folio); Herzog, Real-Enryklop. v, 191. (J. N. P.)
Gloucester, a cathedral city of England, on the Severn, 107 miles northwest of London. The cathe- dral is of several different eras of ecclesiastical archi- tecture, 427 feet in lengtli,and 154 in width; the height of the central tower, its greatest external ornament, is 223 feet ; the cloisters, also of great beauty, form a large square. Formerly the church of a Benedict- ine abbej', it was converted into a cathedral in 1541. Gloucester is the official residence of the bisliop of Glou- cester and Bristol, whose diocese embraces Gloucester- shire, and parts of Somersetshire and Wiltshire. The diocese belongs to the province of Canterbury, and in 1809 had 13 deaneries, 459 benefices, 188 curates, and about 210,000 church sittings. The incumbent (1869) is Charles John Ellicott, D.D. (consecrated in 1803).
Gloves, part of the insignia of a bishop. See^ Bishop.
Glutton (^^It, zoleV, Deut. xxi, 20; Prov. xxiii, 21 ; a " riotous" person, Prov. xxiii, 20 ; xxviii, 7, i. e. prodigal, voluptuous debauchee ; (f>ayoc, given to eat- ing, "gluttonous," Matt, xi, 19; Luke vii, 34).
Gnapheus (or Fullonius),Wilhel]mus, was born at the Hague in 1493. He was one of the earliest re- formers in the Netherlands. He was rector of the school in his native place, and afterwards counselloi of the Margrave Albert of Brandenburg. He was p man of learning, and specially versed in Latin litera ture. He shared in the aflilictions of his friends, Jan do Bakker or Pistorius, and Cornells Hoon or Hoen, whc became victims to Roman Catholic intolerance and per- secution. Released from captivitj^ he was again seized and condemned to spend three months in a monastery on bread and water. He was permitted to see the cause of the Reformation prosper, and to enjoy the es- teem and confidence of his countrymen. He died in 1568, at Xorden, of which he was burgomaster. He wrote several works in Latin, which liear evidence of his familiarity with the writings of Erasmus. His most important work is his Life of Johannes Pistorius. It was probablj' written in 1520, and was published at Prasburg in 1529. Its title is Joh. Pistorii Woerden- sis, ob evangelicce reritatis assertionem, apud Hollandos primi omnimn exusti martyrium. A new edition was brought out in 1649 by Prof. Reuins of Leyden. See Glasius,6'oc/(7efcerfZ Nedcrland, 1 D. biz. 531, 532; Ypeij en Dermout, Geschiedenis der Nederlandscke Heivormde Kerk, 1 D. biz. 104, Aanteek. biz. 40 (79) ; also, Har- kenrothii vitw Gnaplimi descriptio, in Bibl. Bremens. class, viii, fasc. i, p. Ill sq. ; Herzog, lieal-Encykl. xix, 560. (J. P. W.)
Gnash (p'^'^, charak', to grate the teeth ; I3pvx'>>, Acts vii, 54; rnt'Cw, Mark ix, 18). "To gnash with the teeth," and '"gnashing of teeth," are expressions that occur in several parts of Scripture, denoting rage or sorrow (Jol) xvi,9 ; Psa. cxii, 10; Lani.ii,16; Matt, viii, 12). See Tooth.
Gnat ((cw)'(in^, Vulgate cider, occurs only in IMatt. xxiii, 24), a small two-winged stinging tiy, belonging to the genus cvlex (Linn, diptera, Latronne culidda''), which includes the mosquitoes. The common gnat scarcelj' yields to anj' insect in regard to the interest- ing fticts which it presents to tlie naturalist. The fol- lowing outline will recall the chief of tliem to the read- er : The boat-shaped raft of Cfjgs, which the parent gnat forms and leaves upon tlie water, so admirably constructed that, though hollow, it neither becomes
GXAT
890
GNOSTICISM
filled with water, nor sinks even under the torrents of a thunder-shower; the aquatic larva, breathing, liead downwards, through its tufted spiracle; its hook with which it seizes the animalcules on which it feeds ; the variations and even reverses of structure it und^irgoes in the jnipa state, now swimming, head upwards, by means of its linlike tail, and breathing through spira- cles placed behind the hedd; tlie amazing transforma- tion it undergoes when raising its shoulders out of the water, and upon the bursting of the skin wliich had envelopsd tliem, the perfect insect emerges, its former covering now serving as a life-boat during those few critical moments while it disengages and trims its wings for tiight, and commences its existence a winged creature in a new element, and instantly begins to suck the juices of animals or vegetables, while "its shrill liorn its fearful 'larum rings;" the complicated mechanism of its tube, which serves the purposes both of lancet and cupping-glass, and of inserting a fluid for liquefying tlic blood, and m iking it flow more free!}'. The various organs, comprehended in so small a struc- ture, excited the wonder of Pliny (/Jist. Xaf. xi, 2), and attracted the notice of Socrates, as we learn from his poetical adversary Aristophanes (X^ubes, 158); but the further discoveries of the microscope raise our wonder
• into a still higher principle. " I dare boldly affirm," says Swammerdam, "th it the incomprehensihle great-
, ness of Deity manifests itself in these m3'stcrious oper- ations in a particular m inner, and affords an opportu- nitj' of examining, as it were with our sensss, the di- vine nature" (p. 2, 51). The word /oi.'u'wi^ seems to be ihe. generic term for the gnat among the ancient Greek writers, under which thej' included several sjxcies, as we use the word "fly," and '■'■the fly;" though they giv.' distinct names to some species, as the word u'tp- (por, etc. Rosenmiiller observes that tlie Kioi'io—tc of the Greeks seem to be the ephemerce of Linnajus (apud Bochart, iii, 444, 4to, Lips. 1793-6). Aristotle gives the name to a species whose larvae are bred in the lees of wine, which is thence called the culex vinarius (Jlist . An. 5, 19). Pliny also refers to various species of gnats {Hist. Xat. xi, 35 ; xvii, 27). We ourselves rec- ognise several kinds under the common name, as gall- gnats, horse, wheat, wintjr (see Kirbj' and Spence, hi- trod. to Entomology). See Fly.