Goeschel, Karl Friedricii, a German writer on philosophy, was born in 1784 at Langensalza. After studj'ing law at Leipsic he became judge in Langen- salza, and in 1818 published a history of that town. In 1844 he received an appointment in the ministry of justice as " Geheimer Oberregierungsrath," from 1845 to 1848 he was president of the consistory of Magde- burg. In 1848 he withdrew from the public service and lived in retirement at Naumburg, where he died, Sept. 22, 18fi2. Ho at first endeavored (^Aphorismen iiber Nichtwissen imd absolut. Wissen, 1829) to show the agreement of the Hegelian philosophy with Christian- itj', also to refute Strauss from this stand-point {Bei- trdge zur specul. P/dlos(i])fiie, 18.38) ; but gradual!}' he joined more and more the part}' of the Confessional Lutlierans. He conducted the judicial proceedings against Wislicenus, Uhlich, and the Friends of Light (q. v.), and in 1848 had to leave Magdeburg in conse- quence of the excitement of the people against him. He had previously tendered his resignation because the government had allowed the Free Congregation of Magdeburg the use of one of the Protestant church- es of the city. Goeschel wrote several works on Dante which are highl}' valued.— Herzog, Real-Encyldojmdie, six, 5G7. (A. J. S.)
Goettingen, a town of Prussia, with 12,674 inhab- itants (in 18(54). It is the seat of a celebrated German university (Georgia Augusta), which was founded in 1733 1)}' king George II. ofEngland, and opened in 1737, and which numbered, in 1868, 106 teachers and 805 stu- dents. The library of the university contains over 360,000 volumes and 5000 MSS. Among the best- known theological professors of the university belong Gieseler (q. v.), Liicke (q. v.), and Ewald. See Put- ter, Versnch einer akackm. Gelehrtengesch. der Universi- tdt Gutiinficn (2 vols. Goett. 1765-88; continued by Saalfeld, Hamb.1820; and by Osterley, Goett. 1838). (A. J. S.)
Goetze, Georg Heinrich, a German writer, was born at Leipzig, Aug. 11, 1667. In 1687 he passed M.A. at the University of Leipzig, and in 1690 became Protestant pastor of Bury, in the duchy of jMagdeburg. In 1702 he became superintendent of the churches of Lulieck, in which office he continued until his death, March 29, 1729 (according to others, Ajn-il 25, 1728). He left over one hundred and fifty works, mostly on literary or historical questions. The most important are, De Viijiliis paschalihus veterum christitmoriim (Lpz. 1687, 4to) : — De A rchidiaconis veteris Ecclesice (Leipzig, 1687, 4to) : — De dubiis A thanasii Scriptis (Lpz. 1689, •4to): — De Lutheranismo D. Bernardi (Dresden, 1701, 4to), in which he attempts to prove that St. Bernard preached the same doctrines as Luther : — Purallelismus Judce proditoris et Rumanm Eccksia' (Lubeck, 1706, 4to) : ■ — Elogid (Jernianorum quorundam Theohgwum (Lub. 1709, 4to) : this work contains eighty-four biographical sketches; etc. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gm. xxi, 62 sq.
Goetze, Johann Melchior, a German divine,
was born in Halberstadt Oct. 16, 1717, and studied at
Jena and Halle. He was for nine years (1741-50) as-
III.— M M JI
sistant preacher at Aschersleben, was then called to Magdeburg, and finally became pastor of St. Catharine, at Hamburg, in 1755. He was an orthodox Lutheran, and attacked especially the semi-infidel writings of such men as Lessing, Goethe, Semler, etc. He died May 19, 1786, leaving behind him more than sixty works, the most remarkable among which are, Von
des Herrn Christi hochwiirdigem Abctidrnakl (1757):
Thaol. U7itersuch. d. Sitllichk. ckr Dtut. Hchauluhne (2d edit. 1770), against the latent neologism of Schlosser and Alberti : — Exercitatio historico-thcologica de ptairum primitivie Eccksiai Jeliciori successu in projliganda gen- tium svperstitione quam in conjirmanda doctrina Christi- ana (Halle, 1738, 4to): — Gedanken u.d.Betrachtuvg von der Bestimmung des Menschen (Halle, 1748, 8vo) : — Ver- theidigung des richfigen Begnffs v. d. Avferstehung der Todten, gcgen Basedow (Hamburg, 1764, 4to), etc. His autobiography was published in 1786 (8vo). See F. L. Hoffmann, Ifamh. BihVuph. iv ; Serapeum, 1852, No. 21 a, 22 ; Thiess, Gdehrt. JIamb. Deutsch. BibUoth- eca, xvii, 615-629; Lessing, Mendelssohn, Risbeck mid Godze (Offenbach, 1787, 8vo) ; Warhafte Nachricht v. d. Leben des M. GOtze (Hamb. 1786, 8vo).— Herzog, Real- Encyklop. v, 226 ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gen. xxi, 64 sq.
Goffine, Leonard, a Roman Catholic priest, was born at Cologne in 1648, joined in 1669 the order of the Premonstratenses in the abbey of Steinfeld, la- bored many years as a priest at Oherstein and Coer- feld in M'estphalia, and died August 11, 1719. He is the author of a devotional work {Christkatltol. Unter- nchts und Erbauungsbvck) which has passed through a very large number of editions and is still in conmion use. There are new revised editions of the work by Steck (Tubingen, 9th ed. 1869), and by Diez (2 vols. Wurzburg, 1864). (A. J. S.)
Gog (Heb. id. 5i5 ; Sept. and N. T. Fwy, but Vovy in 1 Chron. v, 4; Vulg. Gog), the name of two men, but whether they have any connection is doubtful. It also occurs in the Samaritan and Sept. for Agag, in Numl). xxiv, 7, apparently for the sake of specialty, tradition (Mishna, Shabb. 118) making the Messianic time to be distinguished by an antecedent struggle with Gog, as the Apocalypse does the millennium. See also Hamox-gog.
As to the signification of Gog, it appears to mean mountain, i. e. Caucasus (Persic koh, Ossetic gkogh, i. e. mountain; and even tlie classical name "Caucasus" originated in Koh-Kaf), since Caucasus was the chief seat of the Scythian people. The hardening of the last sound (A) into g {gog frcm keli) seems to have ta- ken place earl}', and when the name had already be- come that of a people, the other names, Magog, Agag (Samaritan Agog, gentile Agagi, Phoenic. Agog) also arose. Another explanation from the Pehlvi koka, "moon" (see Grabschrift des Darius, p. 64), because they i)rayed to the moon, is improbable. A Shemitic etymology is also possible. From the reduplicated form N'lXS (from the root N3, whence 53, a roof), in the sense of " to be high or overtopping," 5'J might sig- nify a mountain or summit (compare Arabic j?yM, In-east of a ship, i. e. something heightened). Figuratively, this stem would mean gigantic, great of stature, jaoj^-e;" y?(/, warlike (cognate with "f5~'1pofIsa.xviii, 2); conip. Sanskrit ku, to be mighty, kari (in the Vedas, Persic kav), king, modern Persian kav, warlike or valiant; in which sense the Amalekite name Agag or Agog, the Heb. name Gog, and the Phocn. Agog in the story of Ogyges, may be taken. In Gen. xiv, 1 Synnnachus has taken "'IS, Goy, i. e. heathen, for SIJ, Gag, and therefore translates it by " Scythians." — Fiirst. Ileb. Lex. s. V.