sermons and pamphlets." — Historn of Christian Church (Encyc. Metrop., Glasgow, 1858, p. 387 sq.) ; Chambers, EncyclopacUa, s. v. ; Theological Critic, April, 1852, art. iii ; English Review, vols, xiii, xiv ; jNIarsden, Churches and Sects, i, 42 ; Cunningham, Discussion of Church Pnnciples (Edinburgli, ISGo), chap. vi.
Gorion (rcrjoiwi'), son of Josephus (? Caiaphus), and one of those of eminent family who incited the Jewish populace to resist the anarchy of the Zealots (Josejihus, War, iv, 3, 9), but was eventually slain by them (ib. C, 1).
Goriun, sumamed Skantcheli (the Admirable One), an Armenian theologian, lived in the 5th century of the Clu'istian aira. After studying philosopliy, the- ology, and the Syriac and Greek languages under St. Mesrop (q. v.) and patriarch Isaac I, he was sent to Constantinople to complete his studies. On returning to his country, he engaged with Esnig (q. v.) and four others in a translation of the Bible, and of several works of the Greek fathers, into the Armenian. He subse- quently became bishop of a diocese bordering upon Georgia. He is the author of a work on The Life of Afesrop, which is of importance for the early historj' of the Armenian Church, and was published by the Mek- hitarists at Venice in Opere di antichi Scrittori Armeni del quinto secolo (Yen. 1833). See De A^'elte, Goriuns Lebensbeschreib. d. heil. Mesrop (Tiib. 1844). (A. J. S.)
Gorkum, the Martyrs of, the name given in the Roman Catholic Church to nineteen monks and priests of Dordrecht who had fled to Gorkum, were captui'ed at the conquest of that town by the Gueuxin 1572, and hung. On account of pretended miracles wrought by their relics, Pope Clement X, in 1674, al- lowed them to be venerated in Holland. In 18G7 they were canonized by Pius IX. (A. J. S.)
Gorres. See Goerkes.
Gorski, Theophylact, a Russian theologian, died bishop of Kolomna in 1788. He wrote Orthodoxce orientcdis Eccleske Dogmata (Lpz. 1784), and a Compen- dium of Christian Dogmas, in Latin and Russian, which has since been translated into German and Frencli (St. Petersburg, 1792). These books, although in general use in the Russian seminaries, openly advocate Pro- testant views, and are opposed both to the Roman Catholic and to the orthodox Greek dogmas. See Did. hist, des Ecrivains de V Eglise greco-russe; P. Gagarin, De la Theolofjie dans V Eglise russe (Paris, 1857) ; Hoe- fer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxi, 309.
Gorton, Samuel, founder of a sect called Gorfo- nians, was born at Gorton, England* about 1600. He says himself, in one of his letters, " I have never stud- ied in the schools of human learning, and I bless God for it." He was first in the employ of a linen-draper in London, but left that city in 1636 and went to Bos- ton, U. S., in the hope of enjoying religious liberty; but the Church there not being disposed to put up with his extravagant ideas, he went to Ph'mouth, where he fared still worse, being fined, imprisoned, and finall}' expelled in the midst of winter. In June, 1639, he became an inhabitant of Aquidneck, or Rhode Isl- and, where fresh persecution befel him. Driven from place to place, he finally bought some land at Pawtux- et, R. I., where he settled. Complained of by his neigh- bors as encroaching on their property, he refused to ap- pear before the court of Massachusetts, and in 1642 settled at Shawmut, where he had bought land of the sachem Miantonomoh. His claims tmder this pur- chase were, however, contested by two inferior sa- chems, who appealed to the general court of Massa- chusetts for assistance. Gorton and ten of his disci- ples were captured soon after and taken before the court, where the land question soon gave place to a trial for their lives as "damnable heretics," and they were condemned to hard labor at Charlestown for an unlimited time. In 1644 the sentence was
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changed into banishment. Gorton then returned with liis partisans to Khode Ishind, where he per- suaded tlie Indians to put themselves under the pro- tection of England, and to abandon to that country a part of their territor}'. lie then proceeded to Eng- land, where, in consideration of this service, he re- ceived letters patent guaranteeing to him the peaceful possession of his propertj' at Shawmut. He called the jdace "Warwick, in remembrance of services rendered him by the earl of Warwick. Gorton died about 1G77. Ilis sect became soon extinct. He wrote, Simplicities'' Defence against seven-headed Policjj (1G4G, 4to) : — A71 incorruptible Ke;j, composed of the ex I'salme, ivhereirith you in(y open the rest of the holy Scriptures (,1647, 4to) : — Saltmarsh returned from the Bead (1655, 4to) : — An Antidote against the common Plague of the World. See Mackie's Life of Gorton in "Sparks's Amer. Biogra- phy;''' Duyckinck, Cyclop, of American. Literature , i,78 ; New American Cyclopcedia, viii, 384 ; Bartlctt, Bibliog. of Rhode Island, 134 sq. ; Hutchinson, History of Mas- sachusetts, i, 117. (J. W. M.)
Gorty'na {VoQTuva ; in classical writers, Tu^rvv or ViipTUva ; on a coin, Y^^ornvva [Koprci'/wr]), a city of Crete, mentioned in the Apocrypha in the list of cities to which the Romans sent letters on behalf of the Jews, when Simon the Maccabee renewed the treaty which his brothers Judas and Jonathan had made with Rome (1 Mace, xv, 23 ; comp. 1 Mace, viii, 1 sq. ; xii, 1 sq.). There is no douljt that the Jews were settled in great numbers in Crete (.Josephus, Ant. xvii, 12, 1 ; War, ii, 7 ; Philo, Leg. ad Cainm, sec. 36), and Gortyna niaj have been their chief residence. Ptolemy Philomctor, who treated tlie Jews kindly, and who had received a numerous body in Egypt when they were driven out of Judaja by the opposite pa-rt\' (Josephus, Ant. xiii, 3; War, i, 1, 1), rebuilt part of Gortyna (Strabo, x, Didot. ed., p. 411). AVhen Paul, as a prisoner, was on his voj'age from C;i;sarea to Rome, the sliip, on account of a storm, was obliged to run under the lee of Crete, in the direction of Cape Salmone, and soon after came to a place called Fair Havens, which was near a city called Lasrea (Acts xxvii, 8). Lasaja is probably the Lasia of the Peutin- gerian Tables, and is there stated to be sixteen miles east of Gortyna. It is very uncertain how long the vessel was detained at Fair Havens, though "much time had been spent" (Acts xxvii, 9), woi; since thej^ had sailed from Cresarea, but at the anchorage (Alford, ad loc). Doubtless the sailors, soldiers, and prison- ers had frecpient intercourse with Lasa;a, and perhaps Gortj'na. Paul maj' then liave preached the Gospel at one or both of these places, but of this there is not the slightest proof (comp. Convbeare and Howson, Life of St. Paid, ii, 394-396). See Paul.