GKEEK LANGUAGE
988
GREEK VERSIONS
like this notion of C^oi), but with tliem it was a specula- tion. They tire continually reasoning about it. The writers of the N. T. treat it as an unquestionable real- ized fact. So, again, c6t.a means glory ; but the writers of the N. T. separate from it every notion of material splendor or earthly renown, and use it to denote that spiritual irradiation of the whole man which takes place when God reigns in him, when the image of God is realized in him. Tlius we come sliort of God's glory when we fail to present the purity and holiness of his character and image in our characters. Thus the Cv^a of the N. T. is purely spiritual and moral. Then, again, it is remarkable how, in the case of words like vSiop, \ovTp6v, and (iaTTTi^^on, the material meaning often vanishes entirely out of sight, and the writers express by them tlie spiritually purifying power of Christ, wliich really and entireh' cleanses both soul and body (Alexander, A nglo-Caiholicism not Apostolical, p. 293). The moral fervor of the writers is also seen in their omission of certain words. Thus the sensuous tpuv is never used to express the idea which thej' had of love. The words tvcaimov and evTi'X'ie are also unknown to the N. T., and, indeed, the writers do not use any word to express mere happiness : jxaKapiog is used several times to denote something more than mere e:irthly felicity. They avoid all words connect- ed with mythology, such as the compounds of Cainwv, which, with its diminutive, is used in a peculiarly Jew- ish and Christian sense. The writers of the N. T. are also remarkable for confining a word to one meaning. Thus i-UTuvoia is a turning of the whole soul from evil to good, and no other compound with ^(£r« is used in the same sense, while Justin Martyr uses fxtruvoiu as a change from good to evil as well as from evil to good, and he employs /.terayiyvucrKto and ixtrari^taS^ai, as well as ^itravoiw, for the same idea.
y. Literature. — The works on the subject of this article are verj' numerous. Manj' of them are enu- merated and criticised in Winer's Granimatik des Neu- testamentlichen SprachuMoins (5th ed. Leipz. 1844, 8vo); and Schirlitz's Grundziige der Neutestamentlichen Graci- tdt (Giessen, 1861, 8vo); see also Lipsius, Biblische Gracitat (Lpz. 18G3, 8vo). Much information will be found in works that discuss later Greek, stich as Lo- beck's Phrynichiis, and Jacobs's Achilles Tatius, and es- pecially in a Glossary of Later and Byzantine Greek, by E. A. Sophocles, published as vol. ii, new series, of the Memoirs of the American Academy (Cambridge and Boston, 18(J0, 4to). Much interesting and instructive matter is also to be found in the glossaries and articles given in the Pandora, a fortnightly periodical publish- ed in Athens.
The best Grammars of the N. T., next the above work of Winer (of which the fourth cd., Leipzig, 183G, was translated by Agnew and Ebbeke, Philadel. 1840, 8vo; and the 6th ed., Lpz. 1855, bj' ]\Iasson, London, 1855, 8vo ; revised and compared with the 7th ed. by Thaj'er, Andover, 1869, 8vo), are those of Stuart (An- dov. 1841, 8vo), and Trollope (Lond. 1841, 8vo). The doctrine of the ai-tuie has been especially discussed bj' Sharp (1st ed. Lond. 1798, 12mo) and Middleton (1st ed. Lond. 1808, 8vo). The synonymes have been well treated by Tittmann (Lips. 1829-32, 2 vols. 8vo; tr. in the Bill. Cabinet, Edinb. 1833-37, 2 vols. 12mo), Trench London, 1854, N. Y. 1857, 12mo), and Webster (Lond. 1864, 8vo). Grinfield's Xov. Test. Jlillenisticum (Lond. 1843, 2 vols. 8vo) contains an ample collation of the N.-T. phraseology with tliat of the Sept., which his Scholia Ihllmistica (Lond. 1848, 2 vols. 8vo) extends to a comparison with Josephus, Philo, the fathers, and apocryphal works. The best Lexicons of the N.-T. Greek are those of Parkhurst (ed. Rose, London, 1829, 8vo), Pasor (ed. Fischer, Lips. 1774, 8vo),.Sch6ttgen (ed. Krcbs ct Spohn, Hal. 1819, 8vo), Simonis (includ- ing the Sept., Hal. 1762, 41(0, Schleusnef (4th ed. Lips. 3819, 4 vols. 8vo), Bretschneider (2d ed. Lips. 1829, 2 vcl.o. 8vo), and Wahl (2d ed. Lip?. 1829, 2 vols. 8vo),
especiall}' the completely remodelled issue of the last by Dr. Robinson (N.Y. 1850, 8vo). The latest are Wil- kii Claris N. T. (Lips. 1863, 8vo), and Cremer, Bihl.- theol. Wurtei-huch der N. T. Gracitat (Gotha, 1866, 8vo).
Greek "Versions of the Holy Scriptures. These, of course, except the modern Greek version of the N. T., are confined to the Old Testament, including the Apocrypha (q. v.).
I. The Septuagint. — This is the most impoilant of all the ancient versions, whether in the Greek or any other language. See Septuagint.
II. Aquila. — It is a remarkable fact that in the 2d century after Christ there were three versions execu- ted of the Old-Testament Scriptures into Greek. The first of these was made by Aquila (D^'^p^* or Db^^pX 'AfcuXc'rt), a native of Sinope, in Pontus, who had be- come a proselyte to Judaism. The Jerusalem Talmud (see Bartolocci, Bihliotheca Rahbin. iv, 281) describes him as a disciple of Rabbi Akiba ; and this would place him in some part of the reign of the emperor Hadrian (A.D. 117-138). It is supposed that the ob- ject of his version was to aid the Jews in their contro- versies with the Christians ; and that, as the latter were in the habit of employing the Sept., they wished to have a version of their own on which thej' could relj'. It is very probable that the Jews in many Greek-speaking countries were not sufficiently ac- quainted witli Hebrew to refer for themselves to the original, and thus they wished to have such a Greek translation as the}' might use with confidence in their discussions. Such controversies were (it must be re- membered) a new thing. Prior to the preaching of the Gospel, there were none besides the Jews who used the Jewish Scriptures as a means of learning God's revealed truth, except those who either partial- Ij' or wholly became proselytes to Judaism. But now the Jews saw to their grief that their Scriptures were made the instruments for teaching the principles of a religion which they regarded as nothing less than an apostasy from Moses.