1841, i, 212 sq.). — Herzog, Real-Encyldopudie, v, 347; Brockhaus, Gregor von Ihimburg (Leipz. 1861).
Gregory, the patriarch of the Bohemian Brethren. Among the earnest-minded Hussites of the Calixtine party, which began, about 1453, to form around Koky- can, elected but never consecrated arclibishop of Prague, and to listen with enthusiasm to his sermons on the necessity of a reformation, the most prominent was Gregory, surnamed "the Patriarch." The time and place of his birth are unknown. He was the son of a Bohemian kniglit, and the nejihew of Pokycan, whose sister was his mother. Disappointed in liis un- cle, who was not willing to be a reformer practically, however much he theorized on the subject, he retired, with a number of his friends, to the barony of Lititz, and there founded in 1457 the Church of the Bolie- mian Brethren, or Unitas Frainim. Accepting no ec- clesiastical office in the same, he remained mereh" a lay elder, but was the life and soul of the organiza- tion. In its interests he wrote and published many letters, doctrinal treatises, and apologetic works, near- ly' all of which have perished. His doctrinal tenden- cies were derived mainly from Peter Chelcick}', a Bo- hemian writer, who inveighed with stern rigor, from out of an isolated retreat, against the corruptness of that age. (For particulars about Cheleicky, see Gillette's article on the Tuborites and the Germ of the Moravian Church, in the Presbyterian Review of July, 1864.) In consequence, his views of Christian discipline grew to be extreme, and more than puritanical. These he impressed upon the Church. Some of their most sa- lient points were the following: men of rank must strip themselves of the same, and la}^ down ever^' worldly office, before they can be received into the Church ; no member is allowed to go to law, or to tes-' tify before a civil court; judicial oaths are forbidden; no member may keep an inn, or engage in any trade calculated to advance luxury. His object was to pre- serve tlie Church unspotted frcm the world, amid the fearful degeneracy which prevailed. At the time of his death, which occurred in 1473, at Brandeis, on the Adler, in Bohemia, these and other similar regulations were in full force. Twent3'-one years later, however, in 1494, they were formally abrogated, and a more lib- eral policy was introduced. In the first persecution (lAGl) which came upon the Brethren, Gregorj' was frightfulh' tortured on the rack. — Palacky's Geschichte von Bohmen, vol. vi, ch. vii, wliich work denies that Gregory was the nephew of Kokycan ; Gindely's Ge- schichte der Bohmischen Bri'/der, vol. i, ch. i-iii ; Cro- ger's Geschichte der alien Bri'/derkirche, vol. i, cb. i- iii; Benham's Azotes on the Origin and PJpiscojmte rfthe Bohemian Brethren, p. 1-120. (E. de S.)
Gregory, patriarch of Constantinople, was born at Calavrita (Arcadia) about 1740. He studied in the schools of Dimitzana (Morea), Athos, Patmos, and Smyrna ; entered the Church, and, after being suc- cessively ordained deacon and priest, was, while yet quite a 3'oung num, apjiointed metropolitan of Smyr- na. Most of the churches of the diocese were in ru- ins, and the Turks opposed their restoration, yet he suc- ceeded in fitting some for divine worship, and endeared himself greatly to the Greek population by his zeal and virtues. In 1795 he was appointed patriarch of Constantinople. AVhen the expedition of Napoleon I against Egypt took place, the Turks accused Gregory of favoring the French, and deposed him. He with- drew to a convent on Mount Athos, where he busied himself not only in writing religious books, but in learning the art of printing. Being soon after reap- pointed patriarch, he established a printing-office in the episcopal palace. His duties were interrupted bj' the political revolutions of 1808, when he was deposed on a charge of favoring Bussia. He had finally been reappointed a tliird time patriarch, wlien the invasion of the Danubian provinces by Ypsilanti in 1821 led
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to the rising of the Greeks. Constantinople was their supposed aim, anil it was rumored that the Greeks of that city would rise, murder the sultan, and restore the throne of Constuntine. The Turkish soldieiy were daily killing the Greeks in the streets of Constantino- ple, and the patriarch's palace was pointed at as the arsenal where Christians kept their ammunition. The position of the Greek clergy, in view of this revolu- tiou, which announced itself as a religious one, became dailj' more critical. Gregory, following the traditions of his Churcli, wliicli had alwaj'S enjoined obedience to the temporal powers, excommunicated the leaders of the insurrection. He was intrusted with the custo- dy of the Morousi family, the head of which had been killed as an insurgent. The priest to whose charge Gregory committed them allowed them to escape, and from that moment Gregory foresaw the fate which awaited him. Pressed to fly by his friends, he refused to leave his post, and on Easter celebrated public wor- ship with all the splendor and solemnity habitual on that occasion among Eastern Christians. He was ar- rested on leaving the church, thrown into prison, and a few hours later hanged in front of the church as an originator of the insurrection. The chief members of the sj'nod shared his fate, or were thrown into pris- on. After remaining on the gallows for three days the l)ody of the patriarch was thrown into the sea by the Jews, but was taken out, put on Ijoard of a vessel, and sent to Odessa, where it was buried wih great pomp, June 28. He compiled a Greek Lexicon, of which, however, only two volumes have appeared (Constantinople, 1819). See Constantin Qiconomos, Oraison fun'ehre du patriarche Gregcire ; Pouqueville, Hist, de la Rfif/eneralion de la Grece. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generate, xxi, 880 sq.