IV, Pope, a native of Rome, made pope A.D. 827. By taking, in 833, the part of the three rebellious sons of Louis le Debonnaire against their father, this prelate embroiled himself much with his clergy, es- peciall}' those of France, who, favoring the cause of Louis, refused to receive either him or his decrees. Gregory wrote a Letter to them, which is among Ago- bard's Works, which shows him to be arbitrary and tyrannical, claiming obedience to him, though against the commands of their prince. There are three other Letters in Lal)be, Concil. vol. vii, and Baluze, Miscell., which evince the same spirit of grasping dominion. It was this pope who made the feast oi All Saints gen- eral throughout the Western Church. He died A.D. 844. — Clarke, Succession of Sacred Lit. vol. ii ; Baro- nius, Annales, t. xiv.
V (Bruno), Pope, was a native of Germany, son of the duke Otlio of Carinthia, and nephew of Otho III, king of Germany. The latter caused him to be elected pope May 17, 996, when ho was only 24 j'ears of age. Eight days after, Gregorj', in return, crowned his uncle Emperor of the West. As soon, however, as Otho had recrossed the Alps, Crescentius, a powerful senator, noted for his opposition to the previous pope (John XV), fo- mented a revolution, took the title of consul, drove out Gregory, and appointed in his jilace a Greek of low birth, Philagathos, bishop of Piacenza, who took the name of John XVI. The Council of Pavia (997) excommuni- cated both Crescentius and the anti-pope. Otho march- ed against Rome, and John XVI was made prisoner while attempting to escape. The servants of the em- peror tore out his tongue, his nose, and his ej-es, and Gregory caused him to be paraded through tlie streets of Rome covered with the insignia of his oflice torn into tatters, and sitting backward upon an ass. Cres- centius, who had taken refuge in the castle of St. An-
gelo, was beheaded, in spite of the articles of capitula- tion, which guaranteed his life. Otho took his widow for a mistress. Robert, king of France, having mar- ried his cousin Bertha without dispensation, Gregory condemned him to do penance for seven j^ears, deposed the archbishop who had officiated at the marriage, and demanded that Bertha should be discarded. Robert, refusing to comply, was excommunicated; and so great was at that time the fear inspired bj' this ecclesiastical punishment, that only two persons dared remain in the king's service, and even they threw into the fire every- thing he had made use of, for fear of being contam- inated by contact with it (P. Damien, Opera, Paris, 1C63, tol.,Epist. v). At the end of three years Robert gave up the contest, and discarded Bertha, to whom he was much attached. Gregory died Feb. 11 (or 18), 999, not without suspicion of poison. Several letters and patents of Gregory are contained in Baluze, Miscell. vol. vi; five bulls in Ughelli, Italia sacra, ii, 352-354; iii, G18 ; iv, 98 ; two in D' Achery, SpAcilegium, vol. vi ; one in De jMarca, Marca hispanica, p. 962 ; and four letters in Labbe, Concil. ix, 752. See Baronius, An- nales, xvi, 345 sq. ; F. Pagi, ii, 2G2; J. B. de Glen, \i. 143 ; A. Duchesne, i, 938 ; Hoefer, Nokv. Biog. Generale^ xxi, 799 ; Hoefler, Die deutsclien I'apste, i, 195.
VI, Anti-pope, was elevated, in June, 1012, to the papal see bj' a party of the Roman nobility in oppo- sition to Benedict VIII. As he was not recognised by the emperor, Henrj' IV, he seems to have resigned, and to have ended his life in retirement.
VI, Pope, a Roman, whose original name was Jo- hannes Gratianus, and who had had great repute for sanctity as a priest, obtained (A.D. 1041) the papal chair hy purchase from Benedict IX, who abdicated to marry a girl of noble familj'. Failing in this, he claimed the seat again, and there were three claimants at once — Benedict IX, Gregorj' VI, and Sylvester III. Rome was filled with brawls and murders, and Greg- ory himself wielded the sword with effect ! In 1046 Henry III came to Rome, deposed all three of the rival popes, and seated Clement II in the apostolic chair. Gregor}' died in Cologne A.D. 1048. See Baronius, Annales, t. xvii ; Hoefler, Die deutschen PCipste, i, 224.
VII. (Hildebrand), the greatest man that ever occupied the papal throne. The exact place and year of his birth are not known, j'et he is generallj' sup- posed to have been born between 1010 and 1020 at Siena in Tuscan}', v^fhere, it is said, his father was a carpenter. He spent part of his j'outh at Rome in the service of pope Gregory VI, whom he accompanied in exile after he left Rome by order of the emper- or. They went togetlier to the convent of Cluny (France), where Hildebrand's austerity and asceticism soon gave him such ascendency that he Avas made pri- or of the convent, though still quite young. He was not destined to remain long in seclusion. Henry III, after having regained the exclusive right of appointing popes, had made tiiree in rapid succession, the latter of whom, Leo IX (Bruno, bishop of Toul), stopped at Cluny on his way to Italy. Hildebrand's intlucnce over him became so great that, laying aside the insignia of his office, he went to Rome in the garb of a pilgrim, and declared that his appointment could onh' be consid- ered as valid if confirmed by the clergy and tlie people of Rome. His election being confirmed (in 1049), he called Ilildebrand to Rome, and created him cardinal. Guided by Hildebrand's advice, Leo IX attempted man}' reforms in the Clmrch. ('ouncils were asscm- liled at Rome, Rheims, and INhn'euce, at which the pope himself presided, and in which all important questions arising from the state of the Church were discussed. The enci'oachnients of laj' authority, the laxit}' of the convents, the immorality of jiriests, the practice of sell- ing ecclesiastical charges, and their consequent en- grossment bj' the civil authorities, which resulted in filling the Church with persons devoted to the tempo-