Grind ("iH^, tachan , to crush small, Exod. xxxii, 20 ; Deut. ix, 21 ; specially with a hand-mill, Judg. xvi, 21 ; Numb, xi, 8 ; also tropically, to oppress the poor by exaction, Isa. iii, 15. In the expression "let my Vt'iie grind for another," Job xxi, 10, it is put as the picture of abject poverty and degradation, i. e. let her become his mill-wench or menial ; comp. Exod. xi, 5 ; Isa. xlvii, 2). See Grits. In the earliest s-es men
GRIND
1012
GRIND AL
took the pains to roast the kernels of grain (Serv. ad uEn. i, 1.S4), and to pound them (Plinj', xviii, 23) in a mortar (dri2"5, nD"!^) with a pestle (comp. Numb, xi, 8), and this method of preparing it is still common (in small encampments) among the modern Arabs (Burck- hardt, Wahahy, p. 30). Yet the hand-mill (^n;?, ■jin::, xf'ioo/iyX//) is an ancient invention (see Virgil. Moret. 19), for it was earh' emploj-ed by the Hebrews (Numb, xi, 8), and continued in use by them to the latest age (being often alluded to in the Talmud under the name "i; ?'J D^ni, or Xn^'l ^'^T^'}), and is still in common use (in villages) among the Orientals (Nie- buhr, Besckr. p. 51 ; Trai\ i, 150 ; comp. Laborde, Com- meidaire, p. 58). It consisted of two millstones (Plant. Asiiiar. ii, 1, 16); the upper one (D?"!, the rider, Deut. xxiv, 6; 2 Sam. xi, 21 ; or, fully, San nbs, the rider- piece, Judg. ix, 53 ; in Greek, ovog or tm^wXiov, Lat. catillus) was movable and slightly concave, so as to fit the surface of the stationary lower one (ir^rinPl ribs). Job xli, 16 ; Gr. jxvXi], Lat. meta). It was (in poor families) worked by the women (Shaw, Trav. p. 202 ;
Women grinding at a Mill.
Joliffe, Trav. p. 37; Burckhardt, Arab. p. 187; Eobin- son, ii,405,050; Wellsted, rmr.i,249; Thomson, />r7nd and Booh, ii, 295 ; see Wilkinson, Anc. Egypt, ii, 223 ; comp. Mishna, Tohor. vii, 4), but in large households, where it was severe toil (Artemid. ii, 42), hy slaves CArvieux, Toy. iii, 204; Burckhardt, Arab. p. 187), as a female employment (Matt, xxiv, 41 ; Luke xvii, 35), and that of the most menial kind (Exod. xi, 5; Isa. xlvii, 2 ; Job xxxi, 10 ; comp. Eccl. xii, 3; see Odys. vii, 103 sq. ; Simonid. lamh. 85 sq. ; Plant. Merc, ii, 3, 62; Theophr. r^H?-. 5 ; Aristoph.A'^uJ. 1358; Callimach. in Del. 242), but also as a male task, especially in pun- ishment (Judg. xvi, 21 ; Lam. V, 13; compare Terent. Andr. i, 2, 29 ; Plant. Pan. v, 3, 33; Asinnr. i, 1, 10; Kpidic. i, 2, 42 ; Moslell. i, i, 16 ; PoUuc. Onom. iii, 8 ; Cic. (Inint. i, 2, 4 ; see Cod. Tkeodos. xiv, 3, 73, such culprits being closely fettered (Terent. P/(on«. ii, 3, 19 ; Plaut. Pers. i, 1, 21 sq.), and even blinded (Judg. xvi, 21), bj' which means the giddiness arising from per- petually going round was at the same time avoided
(see Herod, iv, 2, r.nd compare the tradition that king Zedekiah was thus treated, Ewald, Isr. G(S(h. iii, 445). An allusion to the noise of these mills, as being some- what pleasing to the domestic ear (like that of a mod- ern coffee-mill, which conveys an intimation of home comforts), seems to be contained in Jer. xxv, 10 ; Ecel. xii, 4 ; Kev. xviii, 22 ; others, however, consider these passages to refer to the singing, or rather screaming, of the females employed, as a means of diversion dur- ing their toil, or to drown the grating of the mill- stones (Hackett, Illustra. nf Script, p. 80). It was not lawful to distrain the famil)' hand-mill for debt (Deut. xxiv, 6). In later times large mills, worked bj' asses, were used (ITcn P'j D^HI, Buxtorf, Lexicon Chald. 2252), as by the (Glreeks (^I'lAof ovikoq. Matt, xviii, 6) and Romans (asini molarii, Varro, R. R. i, 19, 5 ; Colum. vii, 1; Cato, R. R. x, 4; Ow'iiS., Fast, vi, 318; Lucian. Asin. xxxviii, 42; Apulej.il/etoOT. vii, p. 153, Bip. ; Digest, xxxiii, 7, 18), and as are still found in the East (Burckhardt, Sprilchv. p. 41 ; Robinson, i, 161; 'B.vl&sqI, Aleppo, i, 100). (On the subject gener- ally, see F. h. Goetze, De pisirinis ce^C3'gn.l730; also in Ugolini Thesaur. xxix; Hoheisel, Z)e molis manu- alihiis re^ Gedani, 1728; also in Ugolini, ib. ; Beckmann, Erfind. ii, 1 sq. ; Mongoz, in the Memoires de Vlnstitut Roy- ale, class, d'kist. iii, 441 sq.). —Winer, ii, 119. See Mill.
The GRINDERS (n;nr, to-
chanoik' , fem. ones gi'inding, hy allusion to females so em- ployed) of Eccles. xiii, 3, are evidently the teeth, M-hose de- cay is an evidence of old age (comp. TMTy.2,(achanah'^ , mill, " grinding," ver. 4). See Ca-
PEK-PLANT.
Giindal, Edmund, D.D., archbishop of Canterburj', was born in the j'ear 1619, in Cum- berland. He was educated at Magdalen College, Cam- bridge, and was on all occa- sions distinguished as a learn- ed man at the university. In 1550 he was selected by Kid- ley, bishop of London, as his chaplain. In 1553, on the death of king Edward YI, apprehending the persecution of the Protestants, he fled to Strasburg, in Germanj^,where he was well received. Dur- ing his residence abroad he devoted much time to the du- ties of religion, to his studies, to the matter of tlie con- troversies at Frankfort, and to assisting Mr. John Fox in his Marfyrology. In 1558, Grindal, on the accession of queen Elizabeth to the crown, returned to England ; was diligentlj' emploj'cd in the reformation of relig- ion ; assisted in public disputations ; preached at the court and at St. Paul's with great zeal and piety; and in 1559, on the removal of Bonner, bishop of London, the queen thought none so fit to succeed him as Grin- dal. He reluctantly accepted the office, but nobly dis- charged its duties. In 1575 he was nominated and ap- pointed for the see of Canterbury, but in 1576, oppos- ing the queen in some of her arbitrary proceedings con- cerning ecclesiastical affairs, he was sequestered from his office. In 1582 he offered his resignation, but, be- fore the measure was completed, he died on the 6th of July, 1583, at Croydon. Grindal was a man of sincere personal piety, and of great firmness and resolution, though of a mild and affable temper and friendly dis- position. In the time in which he lived, he was cele-