Guyot, Henhi Daniel, a Belgian philanthropist, was born at Trois-Fontaines in 1753. He studied at Maestricht and in the Universitj' of Franeker, then became pastor of the Walloon Church, and afterwards professor of theology at Griiningen. After filling the oflSce for 28 j'ears, he was deposed by the king of Hol- land, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, on some unfounded accusation. He subsequently devoted all his time to a deaf and dumb institution which he had founded in 1790. The first idea of this institution had entered his mind on witnessing a lesson of the abbe de I'Epee, at Paris, in 1785. By his process Guyot succeeded in making a number of his pupils talk. " After the resto- ration of the Belgian kingdom, king William protected the institution. Guj'ot died Jan. 10, 1828. See Lulofs, Gedenkrede op H. D. Guyot (Groningen, 1828, 8vo) ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Genirale, xxii, 950.
Giiyse, John, D.D., an English Independent min- ister, was born at Hertford in IG.sQ. He entered the ministry at the age of twenty as assistant to ISIr. Ha- wortli, who soon after dying, IMr. Guyse was chosen to succeed liim as pastor of the church at Hertford. In 1732 he accepted an invitation to remove to Lon- don as successor to the Rev. Matthew Clarke. Here his sphere of usefulness was enlarged, and his worth became widely known as a scholar, Cliristian, and di- vine. He puldished man}' sermons, liut his great work 18 his Practical Erpositor, or Paraphrase on the M'eip Testament (Lond. 1739-52, 3 vols. 4to), which has been several times reprinted. He died November 22, 1761. Among liis other writings arc Jesus Christ God-Man (Lond. 1719, 8vo) -.—Treatise on the Holy Spirit (new
ed. Lond. 1840, 8vo) : — Practical Sermons (Lond.,1756, 8vo : — The Scripture Notion of Preuching Christ (Lond. 1730, 8 vo) : — Youth's Monitor (Lond. 1759, 4th ed.). See Bogue and Bennet, Hist, of Dissenters, ii, 618 ; Allibone, Bid. of Authors, i, 751 ; Darling, Cycloji. Bibl. i, 1357. Gymnasium {yt'i^ivcKjiov, A..\. "place of exer- cise"), a large unroofed building for the purpose of athletic exercises, consisting usually of different com- partments, or a set of separate buildings conjoined, each of which was set apart to some special sport, as the Sphceristerion for playing at ball, the Pakestra for wrestling and the exercises of the pancratium, etc. (Smith, Diet, of Class. Antiquities, s. v.). This was al- most exclusively a Greek institution, and there was hardly a Greek town of any size that had not its gym- nasium. To the Jews it was imknown until the Hel- lenizing party introduced it in the age of the Macca- bees (1 Mace, i, 14). Jason, the Hellenizing high-])riest, caused one to be erected at Jerusalem (2 Mace, iv, 12 sq.). This innovation was viewed AVitli much displeas- ure by the strict party among the Jews. Whether Herod the Great, when he introduced the theatre and amphitheatre, restored the gymnasium, does not ap- pear, but the probabilitj' is that he did (Josephus, .4 n<. XV, 8, 1 ; comijare Wai', i, 21, 11). — Kitto, s. v. See Games.
Gymnosophists(ri;/ii'O(To0(TTO('), an ancient sect of Hindoo philosophers, who distinguished themselves outwardly from others 1 1}' discarding all clothing. They were believers in nietemps3'chosis, and often sought to facilitate their transmigration hy committing suicide — generally burning themselves alive. They placed the height of wisdom in contemplation and ascetic practices to mortifj' carnal instincts. They inculcated utter dis- regard of temporal advantages. This sect furnished for a long time counsellors to the kings, and stood in high consideration. They were divided into two class- es, the Brachmans and Garmans, or Samaneans. Cal- anos, in the time of Alexander the Great, belonged to this sect. See Fakirs, as also Cicero, Tiisc. Qncest. y, 27; Plutarch, Vit. Alexand. c. 65 ; Arrian, Bidica, xii; Quintus Curtius, viii, cap. iv ; Strabo, § 712-719.
Gypsies, Gypseys, or Gipsies (a corrupi foi-m of Egyptians), the English name of a singular vaga- bond race of people, with a language and laws or cus- toms peculiar to themselves, found throughout the whole of Europe, and in parts of Asia, Africa, and America, and everywhere noted for their aversion to the habits of settled life, and for the practice of decep- tive tricks and tliieving. They bear different names in different countries. In France they are called Bo- hhniens (because the}' first came thither from Bohe- mia, or from boem, an old French word meaning sor- cerer, because of their practising on the credulitj' of the vulgar); in Spain, Gitanos or Zincali; in Germa- ny, Zigeuncr; in Italy, Zingari; in Holland, Ileyde- nen (heathens); in Sweden and Denmark, Tartars; in Sclavic countries, Tsigani; in Hungary, Cziganjok; in Turkey, Tshengenler ; in Persia, Sisech; in Arabia, Harami, etc. Various nicknames are also applied to them, as Cagoux and Gueux in F'rance ; Zieh-Gauner (wandering rogues) in Germany, and TinMcrs in Scot- land. They call themselves Ro7n (men or husbands ; conjp. Coptic Rem), C(do (black), or Sinte (from Ind; hence Zincali, or black men from Ind).
Origin and History. — In the absence of any histori- cal records of their migrations, their original countiy and the causes Avhich drove them thence to scatter so widely over the earth have been the subject of speculation among the learned, and various theories have been proposed as solutions of the niysterj' of their origin and history. Some writers have connect- ed them with tlic 'S.iyvvvai, mentioned by Herodotus (v, 9) as a people of Median extraction dwelling be- yond the Lower Danube, and the 'S.iytvroi, described by Strabo (§ 520) as living near Mount Caucasus, and