Guthlac, St., a Mercian saint, who died in 714. His early life -n-as a wicked one, he even being the leader of a band of robbers ; but, abandoning his evil -ways at the age of 24, he retired to the monastery of Repton, where ho learned to read, and studied the lives of the hermit fiithers. He then took up his abode on the desolate isle of Croyland, where, we are told, his temptations and trials paralleled those of St. Anthonj^, but acquired for him extraordinary favors and consola- tions from God. He died at the age of 47, and his sanctity, according to the legend, wrought posthumous miracles, which brought about the erection of the ab- bev of Croyland, famed for its liljrarics and seminaries and the storv of Turketel (q. v.), abbot thereof in 948, See Life of'Guihliic, by Felix of Croyland, in ]\Iabil- lon's Acta Sanctor. Ord. St. Bcwdlct, iii, 263-284.— Butler, Lires, etc., April 11 ; Jamieson, Legends of the Monastic Orders, p. 63-4 ; Wright, Biog. Brit. Lit. (An- glo-Saxon Period), p. 246-9. (J. W. M.)
GtTthrie, Wii.i.iAjt, an eminent clergyman of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, was born at Pitfor-
GUTTER
1038
GUYON
thy in 1G20. He studied at the Universit}- of St. An- drew's, and in 1G44 became minister of the parish church of Finwick. He died in lGo5. His principal work is The Christian's Great Interest, with Introductory Essay by T. Chalmers, D.D., and Life (Glasgow, 1850, 7th ed. iL'nio). This work has been translated into several languages. See W. Dunlap, Jhinoirs of W. Guthrie; Darling, Cyclop. Bibliof/raj)hica, i, 1357 ; Howie, Scots Worthies, p. 434.
Gutter 0"i:^, tsimior') occurs in the proposal of David while attacking Jebus, that some one should "get up to the gutter and smite the Jebusites" (2 Sam. V, 8). The Sept. here renders "with the sword" (kv Ttapu^Kpici), and the Vulg. "roof-pipes" {domatum fistiihe). The wor(J only occurs elsewhere in Psa. xlii, 7 (Sept. and Yulg. cataracts, English Vers, "water- spouts'"). Gesenius supposes it to mean a water-course. Dr. Boothroyd gives "secret passage," and in Psa. xlii "water-fall." It seems to refer to some kind of subterraneous: passage througli which water passed ; but whence the water came, whither it went, or the use to which it was applied, cannot be determined, though we know that besiegers often obtained access to besieged places through aqueducts, drains, and sub- terraneous passages, and we also know that Jerusalem is abundantly furnished with such underground ave- nues. See Jebus.
In the account of Jacob's artifice for producing party- colored j'oung among his flock, by placing peeled rods in the drinking-troughs (Gen. xxx, 38, 41), the word for "gutters" in the original is litj^, rach'at, vessels overflowing with water (as in Exod. ii, IG) for cattle.
GiitzlaflF, Karl Friedrich Atgust, missionary to China, was born at Stettin, in Pomerania, in 1802, and attracted attention at an eaily age by his zeal in study, and by the promise of activity which his j'outh afforded. The -wAy was open for him to posts of use- fulness iX home, but having resolved to devote himself to missionary labor in foreign parts, he volunteered to go to the Dutch settlements in the East, under the au- spices of the Netherlands Missionary Society. Before proceeding thither he came to England, where he met Dr. ilorrison, the eminent Chinese scholar and mis- sionary, and received a strong bias towards China as his ultimate field of latwr. In 1823 he proceeded to Singapore, and it is said that before he had been there two j'ears he was able to converse fluently in five Eastern languages, and to read and write as many more. In August, 1828, in companj' with Mr. Toul- min, Giitzlaff went to Siam, where he remained more than a year. In 1831 he went to China. Between 1831 and 1834 he made three voyages along the coast, and published an account of his observations. From 1834 to the time of his death he held oflSce under the Britisli government as interpreter and secretary to tlie minister. An attempt to land in Japan (1837) was un- successful. In 1844 he established, conjointlj' with the American missionary Roberts, two Chinese, and others, a society for tlio propagation of the Gospel in China, which in 18G0 had forty preachers. In 1849 he re- visited Europe, and, b}^ his personal exertions, gave a new impulse to missionary effort for China. He re- turned to China in 1850, and died at Victoria on the 9th of August, 1851. His way of life has been de- scril)od as follows : The whole of the earh' morning was devoted to the religious instruction of successive classes of Chinese who came to his house. From ten till four he was occupied with government duties. Aft- er a very brief interval he went out for the rest of the evening, preaching in public places, or teacliing from house to liouso. He also, from time to time, made ex- cursions to difierent places, accompanied l)v native teaclicrs. All this toil was voluntary and unreriumer- ated, for, except when he first went out to the East, he was not connected with any missionary society. A few friends in New York and London sent occasional-
h', we 1)elieve, some contributions for purchasing books and medicines, but the work was mainh- carried on at his own cost. He was a man of generous, self-deny- ing spirit, in zeal for every good work untiring, and in labor indefatigable. He earlj' inured himself to hard- ships, and in his devotedness to his work of spreading Christian truth he was regardless of privations and dangers. His medical skill and great learning often opened a way for him where few Europeans could have gained access, and wherever he was known he was beloved by the natives. They used to say some- times that he must be a descendant of some Chinese familj' who had emigrated to the isles of the Western Ocean. Whatever may be the permanent results of Giitzlaff's labors in the East, it is certain tliat his ef- forts for the cause of religion, and of Christian ci\'ili- zation in China, deserve to be held in the grateful remembrance of the Church. He translated the New Testament into the language of the Middle Kingdom. He made himself thoroughl}' acquainted with the social life of the Chinese, and even introduced himself among their numerous secret societies, concerning the most important of which, the Triad, he wrote a memoir, pub- lished in the Journ. of the Land. Asiatic Society (IHiQ). He never lost an opportunity of disseminating Chris- tianity among the Chinese. Of his visit to China he gave a description in the Journal of the London Geo- graphical Society, vol. ix, 1819. The English gave his name to an island situated some seventeen miles from the moutli of the Yang-tse-Kiang. He wrote, besides the above-mentioned papers. Observations on the Kingdom of Siam (in the Journal of the London Geo- gruphical Society, vol. viii, 1848) : — Journal ff three Voyages along the Coast of China, with Notices of Siam, Con a, and the Loo-Choo Islands (Lond. 1833) : — sketch of Chinese History, ancient and modern (Lond. 1834, 2 vols. 8vo) : — China opened, or display of the Topogra- phy, Literature, Religion, and Jiirifprudence of the Chi- nese Empire (Lond. 1838, 2 vols. 8vo) : — The Life of Tao Kvang, the late Emiieror of China (London, 1852, 8vo) : — nisi, of the Chinese Empire (2 vols. 8vo), which was also published in German, etc. — See Hoefer, A'o?/w. Biog. Generale, xxii, 922 ; Methodist Quarterly Review, Jan. 1852 ; American Quart. Review, vol. xvii ; Quart. iJez;. (Lond. li, 458) ; AWShonc, Dictionary of Aidlwrs, i, 751.