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CYCLOPEDIA
BIBLICAL,
THEOLOGICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE.
PREPAEED BY
THE REV. JOHN M'CLINTOCK, D.D.,
ANI>
JAMES STRONG, S.T.D. YoL. IV.— H, I, J.
f>RIVATE LIBRARY I^ICHAF.D C HALVERSON
NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,
FRANKLIN SQUARE.
18 8 2,
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 187 1, by
HARPER & BROTHERS,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washingtorx<,
Jiimnrial
In sending out this volume, it becomes my sad duty, as co-editor, to pay a tribute of affection and respect to the memory of the late editor-in-chief. Dr. John M'Clintock, who rested from his earthly labors while these pages were still in preparation for the press. As an accomplished scholar, an eloquent speaker, a clear writer, an able divine, a skilful educator, a consummate critic, an ardent patriot, a genial friend, and a devout Christian, his loss is deeply felt, not only in private association and ministerial and literary circles, but in the community at large.
Dr. M'Clintock's life was one of extraordinary activity and usefulness. He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1835, at the age of twenty-one, and entered the Methodist ministry as a member of the New Jersey Conference. A short time afterward he was elected Professor of Mathematics in Dickinson College, at Carlisle, Pa., and was soon transferred to the chair of ancient lan- guages, which he filled for nearly ten years. During this period he was en- gaged, with Professor Blumenthal, in the translation of Neander's " Life of Christ;" and commenced, in company with Professor Crooks, the preparation of a series of elementary Greek and Latin class-books, which still maintain a deserved popularity in our schools and colleges.
In 1848 he was chosen editor of the Methodist Quarterly Review, and held that office until 1856, when he went abroad as a delegate to represent the Meth- odist Episcopal Church in the English, Irish, French, and German Conferences. On his return he was elected President of the Troy University, then recently founded, and, pending the organization of the college classes, assumed the pas- toral charge of St. Paul's Church, in New York. In the summer of i860 he be- came pastor of the American Chapel established at Paris under the auspices of the American and Foreign Christian Union. In 1866 he was appointed chair- man of the general Centenary Committee of the Methodist Episcopal Church, In 1867 he organized the Drew Theological Seminary, as president, a position which he retained till the time of his death, March 4, 1870.
The closing years of his life were occupied in the preparation of the present " Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature," a work for which he was peculiarly fitted by a comprehensive and accurate scholarship, and a catholicity of judgment which enabled him to survey religious questions in the broadest light of Christian liberality. The first three volumes of this work were prepared and published under his immediate supervision. The greater part of the present volume also received the benefit of his labors and advice ; and be- fore his decease, he had collected and partly arranged a large amount of import- ant matter for the succeedinsr volumes. J. S.
PREFACE TO VOL. IV.
In consequence of the death of Dr. M'Clintock, which occurred when but a small part of the present volume was in type, the entire editorial responsibility of the re- mainder of the work has devolved upon Dr. Strong. In this task, however, ho has been so greatly aided by the preparations and memoranda left by his former colleague, and by the labors of the able assistants and contributors named below, that it is hoped the reader will not find this volume inferior in completeness or accuracy to its pred- ecessors. Professor J. II. WoRMAN, whose previous connection with Dr. IM'Clintock in this work peculiarly fitted him to take a part in its completion, has devoted his time, since the death of the late senior editor, to assisting in the department which that event left to be supplemented. Professor A. J. Schem has continued to furnish the articles on the ecclesiastical history and statistics of all the countries, and has rendered valuable assistance in other respects. The same plan has been maintained in this as in the preceding volumes, and is to be carried out in the remainder of the work, which will be issued as rapidly as the mechanical part can be well executed. The impatience of the public for the speedy appearance of the successive volumes, while it is gratifying as showing an appreciative demand, might nevertheless, if un- duly indulged, injure the thoroughness of the work, which requires for its completion an amount of labor that can be properly estimated by those only who have been en- gaged in some like undertaking.
Throughout this work it has been the aim of the editors to incorporate into it all the suitable matter found in similar works, especially in the great recent dictionaries edited by Aschbach, Fairbairn, Ilerzog, Iloefer, Kitto, Smith, Wetzer und Welte, and Winer, and these names have been prefixed or appended to portions so cited. If this has in any case been omitted, it has been by oversight. At the same time, it is due to the authors of those works to state that the matter borrowed from them has rarely been used without large modifications and important additions. Full one half of the matter in this Cyclopoedia is wholly new, and much of the rest is entirely remodeled in form and expression, while many articles contained in it are not represented in any similar work hitherto publislied.