1. iMdim (Josephus AovSuii.iog') is not to be con- founded with Shem's son Lud (ver. 22), the progenitor of the Lydians. The Lnchm are often mentioned in Scriptiure (Isa. Ixvi, 19; Jer. xlvi, 9; Ezek. xxvii, 10; XXX, 5) as a warlike nation, skilled in the use of spear and bow, and seem to have been employed (much as the Swiss have been) as mercenary troops (Gesen. Jesaias,
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Ethiopia for these Ludim ; one of liis reasons being based on tbeir use of the bow, as he learns of Herodotus, Stra- bo, Ileliodorus, and Diodorus Sicukis. But; the people of North Africa were eciually dexterous with this iniple- ment of war ; we have therefore no difficulty in connect- ing the Ludim with the country tlu'ough which the river Liul or Laud ran (Pliny, v, 2), in tlie province of 7'ii/f/ifiii/ia (Tangier); so Bohlen, Delitzsch, and Feld- hoff, which last writer finds other names of cognate or- igin in North .\frica, e. g. the tribe called Ludai/u, in- habiting one of the oases, and the district of Ludumur, ill Nigritia. Kalisch suggests the Egyptian Lctopolis or Letus, and Clarke the Mareutis of Egypt; while Keil supposes the Berber tribe Leu- at ah ; and Lenormant (L\lsie Occid. p. 2-W) the Nubians; they think a prox- imity to Egypt would be most compatible with the fact that the Ludim were Egyptian auxiliaries (Jcr. xlvi, i)). See Li 1)131.
2. Amumim (Josephus 'Ei'svl^ior) are, ^vitli unusual imanimity, jilaced bj' the commentators in Egypt. Cal- mct represents the older opinion, quoting Jonathan's Targ. for the Mareoiis. Knobel (with whom agree De- litzscli, Keil, and FeldhofF) places tlicni in the Delta, the Sept. rendering 'Ei'tjUfrif/ytt suggesting to him Sanemkit, the Eg3'ptian M-Ord for north cuuiitr//. The word occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament. See AiiAMiii.
3. Lekabim (Josephus Aa/^iJi/t, An/Si'/ijoc) is, with ab- solute mianimity, including even Jerome and Josephus (who says, A. toii kaTotKijaavroQ Iv Atl3ui] ical t))v X(i>pav ct<p' avTov KuXiaavroc;), identified with the shorter word D'^2lb, Lubim, in 2 Chron. xii, 3 ; xvi, 8 ; and again in Naluim iii, 9 ; Dan. xi, 43. They are there the Libyans ; Bochart limits the word to the Lihi-agup- iii, on the west frontier of Egypt ; so Knobel. The He- brew word has been comiected (by Bochart) ivith nSM^, and the plur. of "^.TO, which means flame ,- Eashi sup- posing that they are so called " because their faces were inflamed with the sun's heat" (Isa. xiii, 8), from their residence so near the torrid zone. Hitzig's idea that the Lehabim may be Nubians is also held b_y Lenor- mant {LAsie Occid. p. 244). Tiie opinion of the latter is based upon the general principle entcrtamed by him, that, as Cush peopled Ethiopia, and Phut Libi/a, and Canaan Phanicia, so to JMizraim must be appropriated Egypt, or (at least) the vicinity of that country. There is some force in this view, altliough the application of it in the case of Lehabim need not confine his choice to Nubia. Lihyo, with which the name is associated by most ^vriters since Josephus, is contiguous to Egv^at, on its western frontier, and woidd answer the conditions as well as Nubia. See LEiiAiiut.
4. Naphtuhim (Josephus 'Nkdf/itoc), according to Bo- chart and Kosenmiiller, shouJ<l lie identified with Ncph- tys, in the north of Egji^t ; Bohlen suggests the Nobatcp, in Libya; Com. a Lap. the Numidian.'i ; Patrick (after Grotius) Nepata, in Ethiopia; but none of these opin- ions appear to us so probable as that of Knobel, who thus vindicates for the Jlemphitic, or ^Middle P^gj'ptians, the claim to be the Naphtuhim. Slemphis was the chief seat of the worship of Phthah, an Egyptian deity. If the ;jfo?-«? possessive particle 7m = ol roit (LThlemann, sec. 14, 1) be prefixed, we get the word na-Ptahh, the people of Phthah, o'l tov <i>0a'r, just as the Moabites are designated the people of Chemosh (Numl). xxi, 29; Jer. xlviii, 46), and the Hebrews the people of Jehovah (Ezek. xxxvi, 20). See Naphtuhim.
5. Pathrusim (Josephus ^t^fnorrlpoc) are undoubtedly the people of Upj^er Ef/upt, or the fhebaid, of which the capital, Thebes, is mentioned, under the name of No and No-A mon, in Nahum iii. 8 ; Ezek. xxx, 14-10 ; and Jer. xlvi. 25. Pathros is an Egyptian name, signifying the South country {pet-res), whicli may possibly include Nubia also; in Isa. xi, 11, and probably Jer. xliv, 15, Patliros is mentioned as distinct from, though in close connection with. Egypt. By (Jreek and Roman vcxit- ers the Thebaid is called Nomas Phuturites (Pliny, Hist.
Nat. Y, 9 ; PtoL iv, 5, 09\ So Bochart, Bohlen, De- htzsch, Kalisch, Keil, Knobel. Brugsch's suggestion that our word comes from Pa-Ifathor, tliat is, tlic Nome of Ilathor, an Eg3-ptian deity of the nether world, is an improbable one. See Patiiiujsim.
6. Casluhim (Josephus XfcrXoi/iof). In addition to what is said under the article Casluhim, it may be ob- served that the Coptic (Basmuric) name of the district called Casiotis, Avhich Kosenmiiller writes Chadsaiiloihe, is compounded of ges, a "mount," and lolh, "to Ijurn," and well indicates a nigged and arid country, out of which a colony may be supposed to have emigrated to a land called so nearly after tlieir own home. (Comii. ni^DS, and Cheslokh, and KoXxi'e, with the metatlicsis which Gesenius suggests.) This proximity to south- west Palestine of their original abode also exactly cor- responds to the relation between tliese Casluhim and the next mentioned people, expressed in the parenthet- ical clause, "Out of whom came I'hilistim" (Gen. x, 14) ; i. e. the Philistines were a colony of the Casluhim, probably drafted off into the neighboring province in consequence of the poverty of their parental home, the very cause which we may suppose impelled some of the Casluhim themselves to seek a more favorable settle- ment on the south-east shore of the Black Sea, in Col- chis.