l.*SV?;a (.Josephns Sa/Snc) is "universally admitted by critics to be the ancient name for the Egyptian [Nu- bian] Meroe" (Bohlen). This is too large a" statement ; Bochart denies that it could be Meroe, on the assump- tion that this city did not exist before Cambvses, relj'- ing on the statement of Diodorus and Lucius "Ampelius. •Tosephus {Ant. ii, 10), however, more accurately says that Saba " was a royal city of Ethiopia [ Nubia] j?fAicA Cambi/ses af/erwards named Meroe, after the name of his sister." Bochart would have Seba to be Saba-Ma-
HAM
37
HAM
;■(/( in Arabia, confounding our Seba (N2G) with Sheba j (Xn"r). Jleroe, with the district around it, was no i do;ibt settled by our Scba. (See Gescn. s. v., who quotes Burckhardt, Kiippell, and Iloskins; so Corn, a Lap., Ko- seiim., and Kalisch ; Patrick agrees with Bochart ; Vol- ney [who differs from Bochart] yet identifies Seba with the modern Arabian Sahbeu ; Heeren throws liis au- tliority into the scale for the Ethiopian Meroe ; so Kno- l)el.) It supports this opinion that Seba is mentioned in conjunction with the other Nile lands (Ethiopia and Egypt) in Isa. xliii, 3, and xlv, 1-1. (The Sheba of Arabia, and our Ethiopian Seba, as representing oppo- site shores of the Red Sea, are contrasted in Psa. Ixxii, 10.) See Feldhoff {Volkertafel, p. 71), who, however, discovers iiuvuj Sebas both in Africa (even to the south- west coast of that continent) and in Asia (on the Per- sian tiulQ, a circumstance from ivhich he derives the idea that, in this grandson of their patriarch, the Ham- itcs displayed the energy of their race by widely-ex- tended settlements. See Seb.v.
2. Ilarilah (Josephns VJiiXaQ), not to be confounded (as he is by Kosenm., and apparently by Patrick, after Bochart) with the son of Joktan, who is mentioned in ver. 29. Joseph, and Jerome, as quoted by Corn, a Lap., Avere not far wrong in making the Gcehilians (the peo- ple in the central part of North Africa, between the mod- ern Niger and the Red Sea) to be descended from the Cushite Havilah. Kiepert {Bibel-AHas,{6l. I) rightly puts our Havilah in J-ktst Abyssinia, by the Straits of Bub el-Maiukb. Gesen., who takes this view, refers to Pliny, vi, 28, and Ptolemy, iv, 7, for the A i-alito', now Zeilah, and adds that Saadias repeatedly renders nb^iPI by Zeilah. Bohlen at first identifies the two Ha\-ilahs, but afterwards so far corrects himself as to admit, very properly, that there was probably on the west coast of the Red Sea a Havilah as well as on the east of it — "just in the same way as there was one Seba on the coast of Ai-abia, and another opposite to it in Ethiopia." There is no such difficulty as Kalisch (fU'tiesis, Pref. p. 93) supposes in believing that occasionally kindred peo- ple should have like names. It is not more incredible that there should be a Havilah both in the family of Ham and in that of Shem (Gen. x, ver. 7, comp. with ver. 29) than that there were Enochs and Lamechs among the posterities of both Cain and Seth (compare Gen. iv, 17, 18, with ver. 18, 25). Kalisch's cumbrous theory of a vast extent of countrj- from the Persian Gulf running to the south-west and crossing the Red Sea, of the general name of Havilah (possessed at one end by the son of Joktan, and at the other by the son of Cush), removes no difficulty, and, indeed, is mmeces- sary. There is no " apparent discrepancy" (of which he speaks, p. 249) in the Jlosaic statement of two Havilahs of distinct races, nor any violation of consistency when fairly judged by the nature of the case. JNIichaelis and Feldhoff strangely flounder about in their opposite con- jectures : the former supposes our Havilah to be the land of the Chvalisci, on the Caspian, the latter places it in China Proper, about Pekin (!). See Havilah.
3. Sabtuh (Joseph. 2«/3«0rt, 2rt/3«0«c) is by Josephus, with great probability, located immediately north of the preceiling, in the district east of jMeroe, between the As- tabaras (Tacazze), a tributary of the Nile, and the Red Sea, the countrj' of the Astubari, as the Greeks called them (Sa/SaSz/voi 6vo^dc,oj'Tai ^s 'Aardliapoi Trap' "EXXrjaiv, Ant. i, 6, 2). Kalisch quite agrees in this opinion, andGesenius substantially, when he places Sab- tah on the south-west coast of the Red Sea, where was the Ethiopian city Srt/3ar. (See Strabo, xvi, p. 770 [ed.Casaub.], and Ptolemy, iv, 10.) Rosenm., Bohlen, and Knobel, with less propriety, place it in Arabia, with whom agree Delitsch and Keil, while Feldhoff, with his usual extravagance, identifies it with Thibet. See Sab-
TAH.
4. Raamah (Josephus 'Psyfia, 'Ptyftoc) and his two sons Sheba (EaiSag) and Dedan (lovvdSac) are separ-
ated l)v .Josephus and Jerome, who jilace the last-men- tioned m West ^Ethiopia (Ai'StoTTKCov i^vog twv 'Eairi- picoj', which Jerome translates Gens yEthiopue in occi- dcntalipluffa). F.zekiel, however, in xxvii, 20, 22, men- tions these three names together in connecti<jn with A rabia. According to Niebuhr, who, in his map of Ye- men, has a province called Sabie, and the town of S<dj- bea (in long. 43'= 30', lat. 18^), the country south of ,S'«- bie abounds with traces of the name and family of Cufh. Vv'ithout doubt, we have here veritable Cushite settlers in Arabia (Assemani, Bibl. Oriental. HI, ii, 054). All the commentators whom wc have named (with the ex- ception of Feldhoff) agree in the ^Yrabian locality of these grandsons and son of Cush. A belt of country stretching from the Red Sea, opposite the Ethiopian Havilah, to the south of the Persian Gulf, across Arabia, comprises the settlements of Raamah and his two sons. The city called 'Psy/ua, or 'P/Jy/zn, by Ptolemy (vi, 7), Avithin this tract, closely resembles Raamah, as it is written in the original (rtT;"'^) ; so does the island La- den, in the Persian Gulf, resemble the name of one of the sons, Dedan. See Dkdan.