Literature. — The 300th anniversarj' of the formation and adoption of the Heidelberg Catechism was celebra- ted in 1863 both in Europe and America. One of the permanent fruits of this celebration was the publication of The Heidelberg Catechism, Tercentenary Edition (New York, 1863, sm, 4to). This noble volume gives a com- prehensive Introduction (by Dr. Nevin), and a critical edition of the Catechism in four texts — Old German^ Latin, Modern German, and English — printed in par- allel columns. The Introduction gives an admirable ac- count of the literature and history of the Catechism. The text used is that given by Niemeyer, and not that of the first edition of 1563, which, as has been stated above, was reprinted in 1864. See also Dr. Schaffs edi- tion cited above, and an article by him in the A merican Presbyterian Revieio for 1863- The Latin text (with the German of the 3d ed. of 1563) is given in Niemeyer, Collectio Confessionum, p. 390 sq. ; also in an edition by Dr. Steiner, Catechesis Religionis Christiance seu Cate- chismus Ileidelbergensis (Baltimore, 1862). Another val- uable fruit of the anniversary is The Tercentenary Mon- ument (Chambersburg, 1863, 8vo), containing twenty essays by eminent Reformed theologians of Germany, Holland, and America, on the Catechism, its origin, history, its special relations to the German Reformed Church, and cognate subjects. For the older literary history, see Alting, Historia Ecclesia Palatimr (Frankf. 1701); Struve, Pfdlzische Kirchenhistorie (Frankfort, 1721); IMimdt, Grundriss der pfdlzischen Kirchenge- schichte his 1742 (Heidelb. 1798); Kochei, Katechetische Geschichte der Reformirten Kirche (Jena, 1756) ; Planck, Geschichte d.prot. Theologie, ii, 2, 475-491 ; Van Alpen, Geschichte u.Litteralvr d. Heidelb. Katechismus (Frankf. 1800) ; August), Eiidi itimg In die beiden Haupt-Kate- chismen d. Evang. Kirclu ( l",ll)orf. 1824) ; Erscli und Gru- ber's .1 llg. Encykl. ii, 4, 386 s(i. ; Nevin, Hist, and Genius of the Heidelberg Catechism. (Chambersburg, 1847) ; Sud- hoff, Theologisches Handbuch zur Auslegung d. Ihidelb. Kat. (Frankf. 1862). An elaborate article on tlie liter- ature of the Catechism, by Dr. Harbaugh, is given in the ifercersburg Revieir, October, 1860. A copious list of ^v^iters on the Catechism (covering twelve pages) is given at the end of Bethune, Expository L^ectures on the Heidelberg Catechism (N. York, Sheldon and Co., 2 vols. 12mo), an admirable practical commentary, with a val- uable historical introduction. Among the older com- mentators are Ursinus, Explicationes Catechesis Palati- ni (Opera, 1612, vol. i) ; Ursinus, Apologia Catcchismi Palatini (Opera, vol. ii). Translations — Ursinus, The Summe of Christian Religion, lectures on the Catechism, transl. by H. Parrie (Lond. 1617 4to). The best traiisl. of Ursinus's Commentary is that of the Rev. G.W.Wil-
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Hard (Colr.rrJir.s, 1852,8vo,2cl ed.),with Introduction hy Dr. J. ^\^ Nevin. See also Cocceius, Iftid. Cut. ea-plicuiu et iUn^ttiata (Lu^d. Bat. 1G71, Amst. 1G73) ; Driessen, ^1 tZ Cat. Ill id. jjunujuctio (Gron. 1724, 4to); Kemp, Fijhj- i/iree St.-mon^ on the IfeiMberfj C«^ec/(««;n, trans, by Van Harlingen (New Brmisvvick, N. J., 1810, 8vo). For the views ol' the early Dntch Arniinians on the Catechism, see Consider aiiones Remonstraniium in Cat. Ileidelb. (in A ct. et Script. Sijnod. Harderwyk, 1G20). See also Wel- ters, Ziir U rr/eschichte d. Heiddb. Kat., in Stud. v. Krit. 1867, Heft 1 ; Trechsel, in Stud. u. Krit. 1867, Heft 3 ; Plitt, Stud. u. Krit. 18G3, Heft 1 ; Mercersburg Revieu; October, ISGO.
Heidenheim {neydenheini),V^o\.Y, or Benjamin BEN-Snisox, a Hebrew scholar and typographer, is dis- tinguished in Hebrew literature by his exertions to pro- vide editions of the Pentateuch free from the errors which marred ]ireccding copies. Indeed, tlie city in whicli he lived, i?tic/ftt«w, near Frankfort on the Maine, became in his day tlie centre of attraction for He- brew typoprajihy. But he has also left us works of his ov.'ii which betoken a thorough acciuaintance with Hebrew philology. Jost even assigns him a place by the side of Mendelssohn. Heidenheim died in 1832, at a very old age. His most important works are "^uSSC^ Cw^'ZiJn, a tract on the Hebrew accents (Rodelheim, 1808,'l2mo) :— 'id^n Si^'C, a treatise on cUfferent parts of Hebrew grammar (Rodelheim, 180G, 12mo) :— D^^'^N; T'X'a d'Cirt, the Pentateuch, with a Hebrevv- commen- tary,'etc. (Rodelh. 1818-1821, 8vo). We have also from him a catalogue of his works, containing 800 in number, under the title Ci'^iSStl Tp-'O'I (Rodelh. 1833, 8vo).— Fiirst, Bibl. .Tudaica, i, 3G9 ; Etheridge, Introd. to Hebr. Lit. p. 422; Steinsclmeider, Biblior/. Hdbch. p. CO; Jost, Gcsch. d. Jiiden. p. 3G1 ; Kitto, ii, 267. (J. H. W.)
Heifer CnY^V,efflah',{em.of'b}^V,"ca\t^" r\'^'B,pa- rnh', fem. of ~iS, "bullock;" Sept. and N. T. SajxaXiQ ; Yulg. vacca). The Hebrew language has no expression that exactly corresponds to our '• heifer," for both erjlnh and parah are applied to cows that have calved (1 Sam. vi, 7-12 ; Job xxi, 10 ; Isa. vii, 21) ; indeed, er/lah means a yoimg animal of any species, the full expression being 1|^2 J^??". " heifer of kine" (Deut. xxi, 3 ; 1 Sam. xvi, 2 ; Isa. vii, 21). The heifer or young cow was not com- monlj^ used for ploughing, but only for treading out the corn (Hos. x, 11; but see Judg. xiv, 18), when it ran about without anj' headstall (Deut. xxv, 4) ; hence the expression an "unbroken heifer" (Hos. iv, 16; Auth. Y. " backsliding"), to which Israel is compared. A similar sense has been attached to the expression " calf of three years old," ri^'r"0'j:j r^5", i. e. unsubdued, in Isa. xv, 5 ; Jer. xlviii, 34 ; but it has by some been taken as a prop- er name, Egluth S/ieli.</iii/a/i, such names being not verj^ nncommon. The sense of " dissolute" is conveyed un- doubtedly in Amos iv, 1. The comparison of Egypt to a "fair heifer" (Jer. xlvi, 20) may be an allusion to the well-kno^ra form under which Apis was worshipped (to ■which we may also refer the words in ver. 15, as under- stood in the Sept., " Why is the bullock [fivGxoQ ticXf k- ^ rog'] swept away ?"), the " destruction" threatened being