defined. Hence arises what he calls practical meta- physics, which is subcUvided into psychology, the phi- losophy of nature, and natural theology. A third clasc of notions, lastly, add something to our conceptions, which produces either pleasure or displeasure, and the science of these notions is aesthetics, which, when ap- plied to given things, forms a series of theories of art, which may be termed practical sciences. They are founded upon certain model notions, such as the ideas of perfection, benevolence, malevolence, justice, compen- sation, equity, and the like. In his metaphysics Her- bart points out three problems containing contradictions, viz. things with several attributes, change, and our fiwn subjectivity (das Ich). In order to solve these contra- dictions, and to make the external and internal world agree and harmonize so as to become conceivable, he assumes that the quantity of everything existing (des Seienden) is absolutely simple. Things therefore whicn exist have no attributes referring to space and time, but they stand in relation to a something, which is the es- sence of things. Wherever tliis essence consists of a plurality of attributes there must also be a plurality ot things or beings, and these many simple things or be- ings are the principles of all things in nature, and the latter, consequently, are nothing but aggregates of sim- ple things. They exist by themselves in space so far as it is conceived by our intellect, but not in physical space, which contains only bodies. "We do not know the real simple essence of things, but we may acquire a certain amount of knowledge concerning internal and external relations. When they accidentally meet in space they disturb one another, but at the same time strive to preserve themselves; and in this manner they manifest themselves as powers, although tliey neither are powers nor have powers. By means of these prin- ciples Herbart endeavors to reform the whole system of psychology which he found established by his predeces- sors; for, according to him, the soul, too, is a simple be- ing, and as such it is and remains unluiowai to lis ; and it is neither a subject for speculation nor for experi- mental psychology. It never and nowhere has any plu- rality of attributes, nor has it any power or faculty of receiving or producing anything; and the various fac- ulties usually mentioned by psychologists, such as im- agination, reason, etc., which sometimes are at war and sometimes in concord with each other, are, according to Herbart, mere fictions of philosophers. In like manner he denies that it possesses certain forms of thought or laws regulating our desires and actions. The soul as a simple being, and in its accidental association with oth- ers, is like the latter subject to disturbance, and exerts itself for its own preservation. The latter point is the principal question in Herbart's psychology, and he en- deavors to deduce and calculate the whole hfe of the soul, Avith the aid of mathematics, from those mutual disturbances, checks, and from its reactions against them. Hence he is obliged to deny man's moral or transcendental freedom, although he allows him a cer- tain free character. He maintains the immortality of the soul, because the simjile principles of all things are eternal; but he denies the possibility of ac(|uirlng any knowledge v.diatever of the Deity" (Ennlisli ( '//c/npadia, s. v.). On the whole, it may be said that Hcrljart was a careful observer of psychological phenomena ; but that speculation, in the proper sense, was not congenial to him. See also Thilo, Pie Wissenschaftlichleit der mod. s/xri/l. 77ii oI<i//ii'. etc. (Leipsic, 1851, 8vo) ; Tennemann, Maiiiui! //;,/'. ,;/■ I'hilosojdni, p. 462; MoreU, Ilistoni of Mndn-ii r],ih,^.,p],;i. ]). 4.S2-489; Schwegler, £/mV. 'iJist. PliiL, transl.by Soilye, p. 304 sq.; Hollenberg, in Her- zog, Real-Enci/kli>pddie, xix, 630 sq.
Herbelot, Bartholomew D' (or D'herbelot), a distinguished French Orientalist, was born at Paris Dec. 4, 1625. He studied at the University of his native city, where he acquired a good knowledge of Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. He then visited Italy, in order to estabUsh relations with the peo-
HERBERT
193
HERBERT
k
pie of the Oriental countries, of which there were a larije number at Genoa, Leghorn, and Venice. At Kome he became acquainted with Lucas Holstenius and Leo Al- latius, and was highly esteemed by the cardinals Bar- berini and Grimaldi, as well as by queen Christina of Sweden. On his return to France he received a pen- sion of 1500 francs from Fouquet, and was afterwards ap- pointed royal secretary and interpreter of Oriental lan- guages at Paris. On a second journey to Italy in 1G6G, the grand duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand II, endeavored to persuade him to remain, and presented him with a num- ber of Eastern MSS., but in vain. He returned to Par- is, where Colbert granted him again a pension of 1500 francs, and Louis XIV appointed him professor of Syriac at the College of France, after the death of James d'Au- vergne in l()9-2. ECerbelot died Dec. 8, lG9o. He wrote Bibliotheqiie Orientale, ou dictionnaire unicei'sel contenant tout ce qui fait coimaitre les peiiples de V Orient. It was publislied after his death by Ant. Galland (Paris, 1G97, fol. ; Maestricht, 177G, fol. ; supplement, 1781, etc. ; best ed. Par. 1782, 8vo). The title of this work gives a good idea of its character : it is a storehouse of whatever belongs to Oriental literature. The book, however, is merely a translation of passages, alphabetically arranged, from Hadji Khalfah's bibliographical dictionary, and of some hundred and fifty MSS. Herbelot did not take the trouble to compare their statements with those of other writers, so tliat it contains only the views of the IMohammedans on themselves and their neighbors. Yet it is a very useful work for students, and being the only one of its kind, is still highly considered. Desessarts has given a popular abridgment of it (Paris, 1782, 6 ■\ols. 8vo) ; it Avas translated into (Jerman bj' Schultz (Halle, 1785-1790, 4 vols. roy. 8vo). Herbelot wrote also a catalogue of part of the MSS. contained in the Pala- tine Librar\' at Florence, which was translated from Ital- ian into Latin, and is to be found in Schellhorn's Amce- iiifutes iitternriw. See Cousin, Elor/e de D'Herhelot (in the Journal des Savants,,! an. od, 1G96) ; Perrault, Hom- mes illust/-es,n, 15-l-lo8; Goujet, J/cw. sur le College de France, iii, 155-158 ; Hoefer, Xoui: Biog. Generale, xxv, 283. (J. N. P.)